Single Phase Transformers

in
H. V. Distribution Systems

Nature of Rural Loads

Loads in rural India are predominantly
pumpsets used for lift irrigation
These loads have low p.f., low load
factor
Load density is low due to dispersal of
loads

Existing system is to lay 11 KV lines,

employ 3 phase DTRs 11kv / 433 volts
and lay long LT lines
2

Nature of Rural Loads

(Contd.)

To fetch a load of one pump set of 5 HP

(4 kw) ; two or three L.T. spans are to
be laid
On each DTR 63 or 100 KVA 20 to 30
such pump sets are connected. If used
for domestic services about 100
consumers can be connected

They run for about 1500 Hrs in an year

of 8760 hours.
3

Disadvantages experienced with LVDS

Poor tail end voltages

High quantum of losses

Frequent jumper cuts and fuse blow outs
Motor burn outs almost twice in each cropping
period of 100 days
DTR failures due to frequent faults
Loss of standing crops due to inordinate
delays in replacement of failed DTRs

Solution ? H V D S ?
To improve quality of supply and reduce
losses HVDS is recommended
11 KV lines are extended to as nearer to
the loads as possible and erect small size
single phase transformers 5, 10 or 15 KVA
and release supply with NO or least LT line
Aim at LT less system starting from Less
LT
Unavoidable short LT lengths to be covered
by insulated wires like ABC (Aerial Bunched
Cables)
5

Technical Superiority of HVDS

For the distribution of same power, the
comparison of voltage drop, losses etc., with
100 as base is illustrated below
Parameter

Single Phase 6.3

kv / 433 V HVDS

Conventional 3
phase LVDS

Current (A)

11

100

Losses (kw)

8.5

100

Voltage drop

12.7

100

Technical Superiority of HVDS

Smaller size conductors can be employed
Excellent voltage profile
Reduced losses
No frequent fuse blow outs

Negligible transformer failures

Two or three consumers get effected against
30 if DTR fails (even 100 domestic)

Very easy and quick replacement

HVDS Single phase - Irrigation

Good quality single phase motors are
available

High yield of water

efficiency is high

as

Single phase motors are

start and capacitor run

pump

set

capacitor

Starters not required

Built in capacitor

Additional advantages of HVDS

Unauthorised hooking of loads is not possible as
LT lines are short and insulated
System power factor improves (0.95) causing
easy reactive power control
As only two or maximum (3) pump sets are
connected on each DTR ; the consumers assume
ownership and responsibility
High quality of power
consumer satisfaction

supply

earns

total

Questions & Critical issues

frequently faced on HVDS
A. Whether HVDS is for future areas to be
electrified or to convert existing LVDS?
B. Can HVDS & LVDS coexist in the same area?
C. What is the linkage between load density and
type of Distribution System
D. Economics & payback period
E. Policy on procurement
transformers

of

single

phase

10

A&B
H.V.D.S. to be implemented straight away
where new villages are being electrified in
view of its technical superiority
Where 3 phase pump sets are in use HVDS can
be implemented by converting existing LT
lines for 11 KV

Even three Nos. smaller size single phase

transformers can be used for providing three
phase LT supply capacity (3Xindividual
capacity)

11

A&B

(Contd.)

Single phase transformers 6.3 kv / 233

Volts can be manufactured with single
or two bushings
Three single phase transformers can be
connected with HVs in star or delta

12

Star Star Vs. Delta - Star

n
n

C
b

13

Comparison
Star Star

Delta Star

Vector group connections Vector group connections

outside
outside
Single HV bushing

Two 11 kv bushings

Graded insulation on HV

Entire HV winding to be
insulated for 11 kv

Current rating is high and Current in HV is less in

hence more copper
delta and hence less
copper

14

(C) Linkage with current density

In Metro areas with high load densities as
high as 20 MW per sq km due to rise
multistoried complexes enough load can
be met with practically no LT
In smaller urban areas, single phase
transformers can be employed selectively
for single phase as well as three phase

15

(C) Linkage with current density

(Contd.)

Even if one limb fails, single phase

loads on that phase can be distributed
on the other two and the failed unit can
be replaced very quickly as it is easy to
transport and erect

In the case of 3 phase large capacity

transformers, entire unit is to be
replaced and down time is high

16

(C) Linkage with current density

(Contd.)

In rural areas of low load densities

HVDS using one or three Nos. single
phase transformers can be employed
without any hesitation
Rural loads even village habitat portion
are too low and mostly single phase
In villages getting electrified afresh;
the load densities are bound to be too
low

17

(D) Economics
Cost
of
three
Nos.
single
phase
transformers of capacity K is equal to a
three phase transformer of capacity (3K)
Cost of employing three single phase
transformers is 1.3 times the cost of a 3
phase transformer
There is no difference in no load losses
and full load losses between one 3 phase
transformer of 3 K and three Nos. single
phase transformer of K

18

(D) Economics

(Contd.)

However current for same capacity is

too low at 11 KV compared to LT
For 100 KVA current is 5 Amps at 11 KV
and 140 Amps at LT
Line losses get reduced in the ratio
52:1402 (25:19600)
Hence highly economical

19

(E) Usage of three Nos. single phase against one

three phase transformer in urban localities

The schemes being implemented in

many rural areas are mostly such as
Kutir Jyothi and A Lamp for each
house do not need high capacity
transformers.

There are single 5, 10, 15 / 16 capacity

transformers also which can be used
advantageously in these light load
areas

20

(E) Usage of three Nos. single phase against one

three phase transformer in urban localities

This has many advantages as follows

Capacities of single phase units can be so
selected to avoid laying LT lines as these
units are available in ratings from 5 KVA to
15 KVA
Single phase loads can be connected on
individual single phase transformers duly
dividing them.

21

(E) Usage of three Nos. single phase against one

three phase transformer in urban localities

In respect of extremely few three phase

loads with connected loads of 4 kw or
above (very rare in rural areas) three
single phase transformers of smaller
capacities can be employed.

The loads are too small that they cannot

contribute to high unbalances.

22

(E) Usage of three Nos. single phase against one

three phase transformer in urban localities

In the event of one phase unit giving

trouble, the loads can be distributed on
the other two phase units and the
defective unit can be taken out easily
Transport, replacement is very easy and
can be done much faster.
In fact a rolling stock of 4% can be
maintained at each distribution section
office for faster replacement

23

PROS & CONS in Restructuring existing

LVDS to HVDS
99.99% customers avail supply at 415 / 240
Volts thus operational performance of LV
network is key to customer services
Losses in Indian Power System are around
20%. LV system is responsible for high loss
scenario as LV line losses are 6 times of
target limit and 3 times maximum
tolerable limit. Switchover to HVDS alone
can bring losses to international norms.

24

PROS & CONS in Restructuring existing

LVDS to HVDS
Power loss for transmission of equal load
in LVDS (415V) and HVDS (11000V) lines
are in ratio 13:1
Maximum permissible voltdrop between
DSS and customer premises is 10%. Hence
compliance with IE rule. 56 on voltage
drop is difficult and very expensive in
LVDS whereas it is simple in HVDS

25

PROS & CONS in Restructuring existing

LVDS to HVDS
The investigation of typical LV feeders in
LVDS indicate that 75% of LV feeders have
voltdrop above 5% and is the cause of high
losses whereas in HVDS losses on LV line
are insignificant.
The current for distribution of same power
in L.V.D.S. is high and existing conductors
get loaded beyond economic loading
limits. It can be avoided by switch over to
HVDS

26

PROS & CONS in Restructuring existing

LVDS to HVDS
The monitoring of feeders in LVDS is
difficult compared to HVDS as number of
feeders to be monitored is in ratio of 60:1
Unauthorised tapping of LV lines is simple
and rampant in LVDS whereas it is very
difficult in HVDS
ABC cables with tough
indigenously available

insulation

are

27

PROS & CONS in Restructuring existing

LVDS to HVDS
3 Phase HVDS
The work involved in restructuring
distribution work are
Conversion of existing low voltage lines to
single phase 2 wire HV lines
Replacement of existing three phase
distribution
transformers
with
small
capacity single phase transformers
Utilisation of existing three phase motors.
28

HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

IN

APSPDCL

29

30

Existing LT Distribution of KOTTUR - SS-I

39 Agl Services
3.6 km LT Line

31

Existing LT Distribution of Murakambattu - SS-II

24 Agl Services
3.0 km LT Line

32

Existing LT Distribution of Patnam SS II

9 Agl Services
1 no Poultry Service
1.59 km LT Line

33

Existing LT Distribution of Bangaru Palem SS IV

38 Agl Services
3.3 km LT Line

34

Existing LT Distribution Network

Present LT Distribution system consists of 3 phase distribution
transformer with a capacity of 100 KVA in rural areas which
feeds supply to all the consumers through 3 phase 4 wire LT
network.

DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM

Lengthy LT Lines.
Voltage drop at the consumer end.
High I2R losses .
Frequent motor burn-outs due to low voltage and consequent
expenditure on repairs.
Transformer failures-expenditure towards repairs and
inconvenience to the consumers.

35
Continue

Damage to standing crops, due to delay in

replacement of failed distribution
transformers.
Fluctuations in voltages due to more
number of consumers connected under this
transformer (say 25 to 30 consumers).
Nobody owns the transformer since
everybody thinks that others will take care of
the transformer.

36

CALCULATION OF LT LINE LOSSES

Electronic meters fixed on the LV Side of the
distribution transformers
All Agricultural Services provided with
electronic energy meters.

Energy sent out from the transformer measured.

During the same period energy consumed by the
Agricultural consumers measured .

Losses worked out.

Continue
37

ORIGINAL 100 KVA DTR VOLTAGE &LINE LOSS COMPARISON

Sl.No Particulars

Kottur-ss I

Murakkombattu ss II

Crop pattern

Sugarcane,
paddy

Coconut , mango garden, paddy and part

of the land cultivated by sugarcane.

Length of LT
lines

3.6Km

3.0 Km

No. of Pump sets

39

24

Connected Loads

179.5 HP

130 HP

No. of days

13 days

14 days

Input

4290 units

3059 units

Output

3490.4 units

2638 units

Loss of units

799.6 units

421 units

% of line loss

18.63%

13.76%

38

ORIGINAL 100 KVA DTR VOLTAGE &LINE LOSS COMPARISON

Sl.No Particulars

Patnam-ss

Bangarupalem ss

Crop pattern

Sugarcane90% paddy
&G.nut

Sugar cane,Paddy,Coconut,Mango
Garden

Length of LT
lines

1.59Km

3.3 Km

No. of Pump sets

38

Connected Loads

72.5 HP+2.25
KW

130 HP

No. of days

40 days

19 days

Input

17672 units

6152 units

Output

14700 units

5149 units

Loss of units

2972 units

1003 units

% of line loss

16.82%

16.30%

39

As seen from the previous table results the LT line

losses are more in LT distribution network.
To overcome this,HVD 3Ph system is introduced by
A.P.S.P.D.C.L to maintain better voltages and
reliability of supply.

40

Conversion of existing LT 3ph 4w Line into HT Line

Existing LT 3Phase 4 wire line

on support

Same support with HVD System

41

HVD SYSTEM

Original 3ph 100KVA Dist.Transformer replaced

with 11KV.CTPT set

3ph 15KVA Dist.Transformer erected

under HVDS to cater 2 to 3 services

42

H.T. and L.T Layout of HVD System.KOTURU-SS-I

39 Agl Services
3.6 km LT Line
2.6 km converted to HT
1.0 km LT Line
11 Nos 15 kVA DTRs

43

H.T and L.T layout of HVD System Murakambattu SS I1

24 Agl Services
3.0 km LT Line
2.04 km converted to HT
0.96 km LT Line
10 Nos 15 kVA DTRs

44

H.T. and L.T Layout of HVD System.Patnam SS-II

9 Agl Services
1.59 km LT Line
1.59 km converted to HT
8 Nos 15 kVA DTRs

45

H.T and L.T layout of HVD System Bangaru Palem SS IV

38 Agl Services
3.3 km LT Line
2.5 km converted to HT
0.8 km LT Line
9 Nos 15 kVA DTRs

46

HVD SYSTEM
Existing LT Lines converted into HV Lines by replacing
L T 3-Phase crossarm by 11KV . V crossarm
Replacement of 3 number L T pininsulators with 3 number 11KV pin
insulators.
Replacement of 3 number LT shackles with 3 number 11KV strain
insulators .
Erection of additional supports where ever clearances are inadequate.
Erection of smaller capacity 3 phase distribution transformer of 15 KVA
capacity for every 2 to 3 pumpsets.
Connection of existing pumpsets from the newly erected 15KVA
distribution transformers with airbunched cable .

47

Calculation Of HT Line Losses in HVD System

11 KV CT PT set erected in place of existing 100

KVA Distribution Transformer
Readings taken simultaneously at CT PT set and at
all pump sets.
Losses worked out.

Continue
48

Sl.No

Particulars

Kotturu SS-I

Murakkambattu ss-II

1)

No 15KVA distribution
transformer erected

11 nos

10 nos

2)

No of days

15 days

13 days

3)

INPUT

5310 units

3926 units

4)

OUTPUT

5019.2 units

3712.2 units

5)

Losses

290.8 units

213.8 units

49
Continue

Sl.No

Particulars

Kotturu ss-I

Murakambatt
u ss-II

6)

% of line losses 5.47%

on HVDS

5.44%

7)

% of line loss
on earlier LT
Distribution
System

18.63%

13.76%

8)

% Net
reduction in
line losses

13.16%

8.32%

50

Sl.No

Particulars

Patnam SS-II

Bangarupalem ss-II

1)

No 15KVA distribution
transformer erected

8 nos

9 nos

2)

INPUT

1299 units

334 units

3)

OUTPUT

1229 units

321.4 units

4)

Loss of units

69.7 units

12.6 units

51
Continue

Sl.No

Particulars

Patnam ss-II

Bangarupalem
ss-II

5)

% of line losses on 5.30%

HVDS

3.77%

6)

% of line loss on
earlier LT
Distribution
System

16.82%

16.30%

7)

% Net reduction
in line losses

11.52%

12.53%

52

Comparison between LT System with HVD System

KOTTURU SS-I
Particulars

LT

HVDS

Length of HT
lines

2.6Km

Length of LT
lines

3.6 Km

1 Km

No of Distribution
100 KVA 1 no/..
transformers

15KVA- 11 no/..

Voltage at tail end

350 volts

420 volts

% line losses

18.63%

5.47%

53

Voltage at tail end

Voltage at tail end

440

420

420
400
380
360

350

340
320
300
Series1
Series2
Tail end Voltage in LT System
Tail end Voltage in HVD System

54

% Line losses
20.00%

18.63%

18.00%

% Line losses

16.00%
14.00%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%

5.47

4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
% line losses
% Line losses before
HVD System
% Line losses after HVD System

55

MURAKAMBATTU SS-II 100 KVA

Particulars

LT

HVDS

Length of HT
lines

2.04Km

Length of LT
lines

3.6 Km

0.96 Km

No of Distribution
100 KVA 1 no/..
transformers

15KVA- 10 no/..

Voltage at tail end

385 volts

430 volts

% line losses

13.76%

5.44%

56

Murakambattu SS II 100 KVA

Voltage at tail end

440
430

430

420
410
400
390
380
370
360

375

350
340
Voltage
Series1
at tail end
Series2

Tail end Voltage in LT System

Tail end Voltage in HVD System

57

% Line losses

Murakambattu SS II 100 KVA

16.00%
14.00%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%

13.76%

5.44%

0.00%
% line losses

58

PATNAM SS-II 63 KVA

Particulars

LT

HVDS

Length of HT
lines

1.59 Km

Length of LT
lines

1.59 Km

No of Distribution
63 KVA 1 no/..
transformers

15KVA- 8 no/..

Voltage at tail end

340 volts

420 volts

% line losses

16.82 %

5.30%

59

Patnam SS II 63 KVA
440

420

Voltage at tail end

430
420
410
400
390
380

340

370
360
350
340
Voltage
Series1
at tail end
Series2

Tail end Voltage in LT System

60

Patnam SS II 63 KVA
16.00%

16.82%

% Line losses

14.00%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
5.3%

6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
% line losses

61

NEW VERSION OF HVDS SYSTEM

Bangaru Palem SS-IV 100 KVA
The New version of HVDS system is an extension of
HVDS work executed at previous locations.The H.T
line losses in previous systems is 5.3%. An effort
has been done to further reduce the H.T line losses
by adopting following methods.

1. Reinforcement of existing LT net work of 7/2.59

ACSR conductor with 55 sqmm conductor.
2.Providing of required rated capacitors at each
agricultural
services.

62

Bangaru Palem SS-IV 100 KVA with reinforcement of

conductor and installing rated capacitors.
Particulars

LT

HVDS

Length of HT
lines

2.5 Km

Length of LT
lines

3.3 Km

0.8 Km

No of Distribution
100 KVA 1 no/..
transformers

15KVA- 9 no/..

Voltage at tail end

320 volts

430 volts

% line losses

16.30 %

3.77%

63

Bangaru Palem SS-IV 100 KVA.

Comparison between HVDS with existing conductor
and HVDS with reinforcement of conductor and
installing rated capacitors
HVDS with
existing
conductor

HVDS with
Reinforcement of
conductor and rated
capacitors

Voltage at tail
end

420 volts

430 volts

% line losses

5.31 %

3.77%

Particulars

64

Bangaru Palem SS IV 100 KVA

Voltage at tail end

440
430

430

420
410
400
390
380
370
360

320

350
340
Voltage
Series1
at tail end
Series2

Tail end Voltage in HVD System

Tail end Voltage in LT System

65

Bangaru Palem SS IV 100 KVA

16.00%
% Line losses

14.00%

16.30%

12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
3.77%

6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
% line losses

66

ADVANTAGES OF HVD SYSTEM

The registered customers will feel ownership and take responsibility and
not allow others to meddle with the L.T. Network.
Prevention of unauthorized loads by the consumers themselves since the
distribution transformer may fail if loaded beyond its capacity.
Failure will be minimal because of no over loading and no meddling of L.T
Lines.
In the event of equipment failure only 2 or 3 customers will get affected
instead of 25 to 30 customers in original system.
High quality of supply since there is practically no voltage drop.
Less burnouts of motors because of good voltage and less fluctuations.
Continue

67

Considerable reduction in line losses and consequent

savings in power purchase cost

Since Losses are reduced considerably ,Power can be

supplied to additional loads without any further
investment on infrastructure.
No additional generation capacity needed for giving
new loads due to reduction in power drawals.
Accidents due to touching of snapped conductors
reduced due to the fact that the breaker trips at
substation since the line is at 11 KV potential.

68

Interaction with the consumers by CMD/APSPDCL& JMD

(vigilance)A.P. Transco on 01.10.2002 at Doddipalle
69

70

Interaction with the consumers by CMD/APSPDCL& JMD

(vigilance)A.P.Transco on 01.10.2002 at Murakambattu SSII
Consumers opined that
The motors are drawing less current and hence life span of
motor has increased.The rate of motor burnouts are also reduced.
The motors running smoothly without hissing noise.
The transformer failures are almost avoided.
Theft of energy eliminated since the consumers will not allow
others to pilfer from their Distribution Transformer.
Interruptions have been minimized and quality of supply
assured.
Due to reliability of supply ,2 crops can be raised and can
increase the productivity.
71

72