Carbohydrate Fermentation Test

Substrate:
Media: Phenol red lactose broth, phenol red
glucose broth, phenol red sucrose broth
Enzyme:
End-product: acid & ammonia
Indicator: phenol red

S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
E. coli

Glucose

Sucrose

Lactose

Acid only

Acid only

Acid only

Acid + gas

Acid + gas

Citrate Test

Substrate: citrate
Medium: Simmons citrate Agar
Enzyme: citrate permease or citrase
End-product: bicarbonate
Indicator: bromthymol blue
Name
E. coli
E. aerogenes
P. vulgaris

Indol

MR

VP

Citrate

Yes

Yes

Yes

yes

Yes

Yes

yes

Triple Sugar Iron Test

Substrate: Acid- 1% sucrose, 1%, lactose, 0.1% glucose

H2S- organic: cysteine and cystene
inorganic: sodium thiosulfate
Medium: TSI agar
Enzyme:
End-product: acid, hydrogen sulfide, gas
H2S Indicator: iron
Name

Slant/butt

S. dysenteriae

R/Y

S. typhimurium

R/B

P. aeruginosa

R/R

P. Vulgaris

Y/B

E. coli

Y/Y

H2S

gas

yes
yes
yes

glucose

sucrose

lactose

Methyl Red Test

Substrate: glucose + peptone

Medium: MR-VP broth
Enzyme: N/A- many
End-product: stable acids
Reagent: methyl red
Name
E. coli
E. aerogenes
P. vulgaris

Indole

MR

VP

Citrate

yes

yes

yes

yes

res

yes

yes

Indol Test

Substrate: tryptophan
Medium: SIM agar
Enzyme: tryptophanase
End-product: indole
Reagent: kovacs reagent
Name
E. coli
E. aerogenes
P. vulgaris

Indol

MR

VP

Citrate

Yes

Yes

Yes

yes

Yes

Yes

yes

Voges-Proskauer (VP) Test

Substrate: glucose + peptone

Medium: MR-VP media
Enzyme: N/A- many
End-product: neutral non-acids
Reagent: Barritts reagent A (alpha-naphthol)
Barritts reagent B (potassium hydroxide)
Name
E. coli
P. aerogenes
P. Vulgaris

Indol

MR

VP

Citrate

Yes

Yes

Yes

yes

Yes

Yes

yes

Catalase Test

Substrate: H2O2
Media: trypticase soy agar
Enzyme: catalase, oxidase, superoxide dismutase
End-product: H2O + O2
Reagent: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Catalase

Foam

M. Luteus

Yes

Yes

S. Aureus

yes

Yes

S. Lactis

no

no

Name the type of effect (synergistic vs. additive) and the

chemotherapeutic agents involved in each.

Chemotherapeutic Agents
A: Additive Effect

B: Synergistic Effect

Trimethoprim (TmP)

Trimethoprim (TmP)

Tetracycline (Te)

Sulfisuxizole (G)

Name the spectrum, mode of action and side

effects of:
Tetracycline
sulfisoxazole
trimethoprim

 Tetracycline
Spectrum: broad
Mode of action: inhibits protein synthesis; binds reversibly
to 30s ribosomes, making anticodons unable to align
properly with codons
Side Effects: permanent discoloration of teeth in young
children

Sulfisoxazole (sulfonamides) & Trimethoprim

Spectrum: broad
Mode of action: interferes with DNA synthesis; blocks
synthesis of tetrahydofilic acid, a cofactor needed to make
nucleotide bases T, G, U and A
Side Effects:

Name the spectrum, mode of action and side

effects of:
Penicillin
Streptomycin

 Penicillin
Spectrum: narrow
Mode of action: inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis; prevents
transpeptidation producing weakened peptidoglycan
structure
Side Effects: penicillin resistance and
sensitivity (allergic reaction)

Streptomycin
Spectrum: broad
Mode of action: inhibits protein synthesis; irreversibly
binds to 30s portion which prevents 50s attachment,
causing a misreading of mRNA
Side Effects: may produce damage to auditory nerve
causing deafness

Starch Hydrolysis Test

A: Negative
B: Positive
Substrate: starch
Medium: starch agar
Enzyme: amylase
End-product: maltose
Reagent: Grams iodine
Amylase
E. coli

P. aeruginosa

S. aureus

B. cereus

Yes

Casein Hydrolysis Test

Substrate: casein
Medium: milk agar
Enzyme: caseinase
End-product: amino acids
Reagent: none
Caseinase

Halo

P. aeruginosa

yes

yes

S. aureus

yes

yes

B. cereus

yes

yes

E. coli

Nitrate Reduction Test

Substrate: nitrate
Medium: Nitrate broth
Enzyme: nitrate reductase
End-product: nitrite, amonia
Reagent: Nitrate reagent A (sulfanilic acid)
Nitrate reagent B (naphthylamine)
Zinc powder
Name

A. faecalis
E. coli
P. aeruginosa

Reagent A & B

Zinc powder

End-product

positive

none

positive

nitrite

amonia

Gelatin Hydrolysis Test

Substrate: gelatin
Medium: gelatin
Enzyme: gelatinase
End-product: amino acids
Reagent: none
Solid

Liquid

Gelatinase

yes

yes

yes

S. aureus

yes

B. cereus

yes

yes

E. coli
P. aeruginosa

Penicillium notatum
Reproduction: asexual- conidiospores or
conidia
Transmission: inhalation of conidia
Disease: opportunistic pathogen- may cause
disease in lungs + nasopharyngeal area

Rhizopus stolonifer
(Zygospore)
Reproduction: asexual- sporangiospores
sexually- zygospore
Transmission: inhalation of sporangiospores
Disease: opportunistic pathogen- may cause
infections of lungs + nasopharyngeal area

Cryptococcus neoformans
(dimorphic yeast)

Reproduction: asexual- budding or

sexually- mold
Transmission: inhalation of spores
Disease: opportunistic pathogen- may cause
infections of lungs + meningitis

Rhizopus stolonifer
(Sporangium sac)
Reproduction: asexual- sporangiospores
sexually- zygospore
Transmission: inhalation of sporangiospores
Disease: opportunistic pathogen- may cause
infections of lungs + nasopharyngeal area

Aspergillus niger
Reproduction: asexual- conidiospores or
conidia
Transmission: inhalation of conidia
Disease: opportunistic pathogen- may cause
disease in lungs + nasopharyngeal area

Cryptococcus neoformans
Reproduction: asexual- budding or
sexually- mold
Transmission: inhalation of spores
Disease: opportunistic pathogen- may cause
infections of lungs + meningitis

Rhizopus stolonifer
(bread mold)

Reproduction: asexual- sporangiospores

sexually- zygospore
Transmission: inhalation of sporangiospores
Disease: opportunistic pathogen- may cause
infections of lungs + nasopharyngeal area

Corpinus Mushroom
Reproduction: basidiospores (sexual)

Necator americanus
(hookworm)

Phylum: Aschelminthes
Class: Nematoda
Diecious
Mode of transmission: contact with larvae
infected vegetation or water

Ascaris lumbricoides

Phylum: Aschelminthes/ Nematehelminthes

Class: Nematoda
Diecious
Mode of transmission: ingestion of feces
contaminated food or soil
Treatment: mebendazole or pryantel
pamoate

Tania pisiformis
(dog tapeworm)

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoda
Monoeicious
Mode of transmission: ingestion of
undercooked beef or pork
Treatment: praziquantel

Fasciola hepatica
(liver fluke)

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda
Monoeicious
Mode of transmission: ingestion of poorly
cooked fish, crab, crayfish and aquatic plants
Treatment: praziquantel (Biltricide)

Tania pisiformis
(dog tapeworm)

A: rostelum with hooks

B: sucker
C: neck
D: immature proglottids
E: scolex

Schistosoma japonicum
(blood fluke)
A: female
B: male
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: trematode
Diecious
Mode of transmission: contact with snail
infected water
Treatment: praziquantel

Enterobius Vermicularis
(pinworm)

Phylum: Aschelminthes
Class: Nematoda
Mode of transmission: ingestion of eggs
Treatment: Mebendazole or pryantel pamoate

A
B

Giardia Lamblia

A: cyst
B: trophozoite
Class: Mastigophora
Mode of locomotion: flagellum
Mode of transmission: cyst
Disease: dysentery

Trypanosoma gambiense
Class: Mastigophora
Mode of locomotion: flagellum
Mode of transmission: Tse Tse fly (vector)
Disease: African sleeping sickness
***unable to make cyst***

Plasmodium Vivax

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Class: Sporozoa
Mode of locomotion: none
Mode of transmission: Mosquito (anophele)
Disease: Malaria
Life-cycle:
Merozoite
Signet ring
Trophozoite
Early schizont
Late schizont

Plasmodium Vivax
(merozoite)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Class: Sporozoa
Mode of locomotion: none
Mode of transmission: Mosquito (anophele)
Disease: Malaria
Life-cycle:
Merozoite
Signet ring
Trophozoite
Early schizont
Late schizont

Plasmodium Vivax
(signet ring)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Class: Apecomplexia
Mode of locomotion: none
Mode of transmission: Mosquito (anophele)
Disease: Malaria
Life-cycle:
Merozoite
Signet ring
Trophozoite
Early schizont
Late schizont

Plasmodium Vivax
(late schizont)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Class: Sporozoa
Mode of locomotion: none
Mode of transmission: Mosquito (anophele)
Disease: Malaria
Life-cycle:
Merozoite
Signet ring
Trophozoite
Early schizont
Late schizont

Toxoplasma gondii
Class: Sporozoa
Mode of locomotion: none
Mode of transmission: ingestion of
contaminated water, food, milk or inhalation
or inoculation
Disease: Toxoplasmosis

Entamoeba histolytica
A: cyst
B: trophozoite
Class: Sarcodina
Mode of locomotion: pseudopodia
Mode of transmission: ingestion of
contaminated water or food
Disease: dysentry

Balantidium Coli
A: cyst
B: trophozoite
Class: Ciliophora
Mode of locomotion: cilia
Mode of transmission: ingestion of
contaminated water or food
Disease: diarrhea

Giardia Lamblia
(cyst)

Class: Mastigophora
Mode of locomotion: flagellum
Mode of transmission: cyst
Disease: dysentery