Professional Documents
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Wireless and
Mobile Networks
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Computer
Networking: A
Top Down
Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley
March 2012
6-1
6-2
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Mobility
Wireless
6.9 Summary
Wireless, Mobile Networks
6-3
Elements of a wireless
network
network
infrastructure
6-4
Elements of a wireless
network
wireless hosts
network
infrastructure
laptop, smartphone
run applications
may be stationary (nonmobile) or mobile
wireless does not
always mean mobility
6-5
Elements of a wireless
network
base station
network
infrastructure
typically connected to
wired network
relay - responsible for
sending packets
between wired network
and wireless host(s) in
its area
e.g., cell towers,
802.11 access
points
6-6
Elements of a wireless
network
wireless link
network
infrastructure
typically used to
connect mobile(s) to
base station
also used as backbone
link
multiple access
protocol coordinates
link access
various data rates,
transmission distance
6-7
200
54
5-11
802.11n
802.11a,g
802.11b
4
1
802.11a,g point-to-point
4G: LTWE WIMAX
3G: UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO
802.15
.384
.056
Indoor
Outdoor
10-30m
50-200m
Mid-range
outdoor
Long-range
outdoor
200m 4 Km
5Km 20 Km
Wireless, Mobile Networks
6-8
Elements of a wireless
network
infrastructure mode
network
infrastructure
6-9
Elements of a wireless
network
ad hoc mode
no base stations
nodes can only
transmit to other
nodes within link
coverage
nodes organize
themselves into a
network: route
among themselves
no
infrastructure
host connects to
base station (WiFi,
WiMAX, cellular)
which connects to
larger Internet
no base station, no
connection to larger
Internet (Bluetooth,
ad hoc nets)
multiple hops
host may have to
relay through several
wireless nodes to
connect to larger
Internet: mesh net
no base station, no
connection to larger
Internet. May have to
relay to reach other
a given wireless node
MANET, VANET
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Mobility
Wireless
6.9 Summary
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-12
10-1
10-2
10-3
BER
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10
20
30
40
SNR(dB)
QAM256 (8 Mbps)
QAM16 (4 Mbps)
BPSK (1 Mbps)
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-14
C
B
Cs signal
strength
As signal
strength
space
Signal attenuation:
CDMA encode/decode
sender
d0 = 1
data
bits
code
Zi,m= di.cm
-1 -1 -1
1
-1
1 1 1
-1 -1 -1
slot 1
-1
slot 1
channel
output
1
-1
1 1 1 1 1 1
d1 = -1
1 1 1
-1 -1 -1
slot 0
1
-1
-1 -1 -1
slot 0
channel
output
Di = S Zi,m.cm
m=1
received
input
code
receiver
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
-1 -1 -1
-1
1 1 1
1
-1
-1 -1 -1
-1
1 1 1
-1 -1 -1
slot 1
1
-1
-1 -1 -1
slot 0
d0 = 1
d1 = -1
slot 1
channel
output
slot 0
channel
output
channel sums
together transmissions
by sender 1 and 2
Sender 2
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Mobility
Wireless
6.9 Summary
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-19
802.11a
5-6 GHz range
up to 54 Mbps
802.11g
2.4-5 GHz range
up to 54 Mbps
802.11n: multiple antennae
2.4-5 GHz range
up to 200 Mbps
Internet
wireless host
communicates with base
station
base station = access
point (AP)
hub, switch
or router
BSS 1
BSS 2
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-21
BBS 1
BBS 2
BBS 2
AP 1
1
2
AP 2
AP 1
2
3
H1
AP 2
4
H1
passive scanning:
active scanning:
A
C
C
Cs signal
strength
As signal
strength
space
sender
802.11 receiver
- if frame received OK
receiver
data
SIFS
ACK
AP
reservation collision
DATA (A)
defer
time
802.11 frame:
addressing
2
frame
address address address
duration
control
1
2
3
seq address
4
control
0 - 2312
payload
CRC
802.11 frame:
addressing
Internet
R1 router
H1
source address
802.3 frame
AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr
address 1
address 2
address 3
802.11 frame
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-29
duration of reserved
transmission time (RTS/CTS)
2
frame
address address address
duration
control
1
2
3
2
Protocol
version
Type
Subtype
To
AP
seq address
4
control
From More
AP
frag
1
Retry
0 - 2312
payload
CRC
Power More
mgt
data
WEP
Rsvd
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-30
BBS 1
H1
BBS 2
10-2
10-3
BER
10-1
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10
20
30
SNR(dB)
40
S
P
radius of
coverage
M Master device
S Slave device
P Parked device (inactive)
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
CDMA
Mobility
6.5 Principles: addressing
and routing to mobile
users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higher-layer
protocols
6.9 Summary
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-35
cell
covers
geographical region
base station (BS)
analogous to 802.11
AP
mobile users attach
to network through
BS
air-interface:
physical and link
layer protocol
between mobile and
BS
Mobile
Switching
Center
Public telephone
network
Mobile
Switching
Center
wired network
time slots
bands
MSC
BTS
BSC
Public
telephone
network
Gateway
MSC
Legend
Gateway
MSC
Public
telephone
network
Public
Internet
GGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Public
telephone
network
Gateway
MSC
G
SGSN
Public
Internet
GGSN
radio interface
(WCDMA, HSPA)
radio access network
Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN)
core network
General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS) Core Network
public
Internet
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
CDMA
Mobility
6.5 Principles: addressing
and routing to mobile
users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higher-layer
protocols
6.9 Summary
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-41
What is mobility?
no mobility
high mobility
mobile user,
connecting/
disconnecting from
network using
DHCP.
Mobility: vocabulary
home network: permanent
home of mobile
(e.g., 128.119.40/24)
wide area
network
permanent address:
address in home
network, can always be
used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186
care-of-address: address
in visited network.
(e.g., 79,129.13.2)
wide area
network
correspondent: wants
to communicate with
mobile
I wonder where
Alice moved to?
books?
call her parents?
expect her to let you
know where he/she is?
Mobility: approaches
Mobility: approaches
Mobility: registration
visited network
home network
wide area
network
mobile contacts
foreign agent on
entering visited
network
end result:
foreign agent knows about mobile
home agent knows location of mobile
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-48
foreign agent
receives packets,
forwards to mobile
visited
network
home
network
1
correspondent
addresses packets
using home address of
mobile
wide area
network
2
4
mobile replies
directly to
correspondent
inefficient when
correspondent, mobile
are in same network
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-50
correspondent forwards
to foreign agent
foreign agent
receives packets,
forwards to mobile
visited
network
home
network
3
1
correspondent
requests, receives
foreign address of
mobile
2
4
mobile replies
directly to
correspondent
3
1
2
4
wide area
network
anchor
foreign
agent
2
4
5
correspondent
agent
correspondent
3
new foreign
agent
new
foreign
network
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
CDMA
Mobility
6.5 Principles: addressing
and routing to mobile
users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higher-layer
protocols
6.9 Summary
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-55
Mobile IP
RFC 3344
has many features weve seen:
dest: 128.119.40.186
dest: 128.119.40.186
Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
dest: 128.119.40.186
Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
packet sent by
correspondent
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-57
24
checksum
=9
code = 0
=9
R bit: registration
required
16
standard
ICMP fields
router address
type = 16
length
registration lifetime
sequence #
RBHFMGV
bits
reserved
0 or more care-ofaddresses
mobility agent
advertisement
extension
ICMP agent
COA:
adv.
79.129.13.2
.
registration req.
COA: 79.129.13.2
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 9999
identification: 714
encapsulation format
.
registration
COA:req.
79.129.13.2
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 9999
identification:714
.
registration reply
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 4999
Identification: 714
encapsulation format
.
registration reply
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 4999
Identification: 714
.
time
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-59
correspondent
wired public
telephone
network
MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
HLR
2
home MSC consults HLR,
gets roaming number of
mobile in visited network
correspondent
home
Mobile
Switching
Center
1
3
VLR
Mobile
Switching
Center
Public
switched
telephone
network
call routed
to home network
mobile
user
visited
network
VLR Mobile
Switching
Center
old
routing
old BSS
new
routing
new BSS
VLR Mobile
Switching
Center 2
1
8
old BSS
7
3
6
new BSS
home network
correspondent
Home
MSC
anchor MSC
PSTN
MSC
MSC
MSC
home network
correspondent
Home
MSC
anchor MSC
PSTN
MSC
MSC
MSC
Mobile IP element
Home system
Home
network
Gateway Mobile
Switching Center, or
home MSC. Home
Location Register
(HLR)
Home agent
Visited System
Visited
network
Visited Mobile
services Switching
Center.
Visitor Location
Record (VLR)
Foreign agent
Mobile Station
Roaming Number
(MSRN), or roaming
number
Care-ofaddress
but performance-wise:
packet loss/delay due to bit-errors (discarded packets,
delays for link-layer retransmissions), and handoff
TCP interprets loss as congestion, will decrease
congestion window un-necessarily
delay impairments for real-time traffic
limited bandwidth of wireless links
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-68
Chapter 6 summary
Wireless
wireless links:
Mobility
capacity, distance
channel impairments
CDMA
cellular access
architecture
standards (e.g., GSM,
3G, 4G LTE)
principles: addressing,
routing to mobile users
case studies
mobile IP
mobility in GSM
impact on higher-layer
protocols