CCNA 1 v3.

1 Module 10
Routing Fundamentals and
Subnets

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives

IP Address

IP Address Grouping

Routed and Routing Protocols

Consider that a packet needs to be sent from node A

to node F. How would it decide which path to take?

Routing Protocol vs Routed Protocol

A routed protocol
1. defines the end to end addressing and the
packet format of a packet that is forwarded
between nodes on different networks.
Internet Protocol (IP) is a routed protocol

A routing protocol
1. exchanges topology information with adjacent
routers to update and maintain their routing tables.
2. selects the best path through a network

RIP is a routing protocol

Routed Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules
A routed protocol is a set of rules that determines how
computers at the source and destination communicate
with each other across networks
packet format
end to end addressing
In order for a protocol to be routable, it must provide the
ability to assign both a network number and a host
number for each individual device.

Internet Protocol IP

IP is a connectionless, unreliable, best-effort delivery protocol

As information flows down the layers of the OSI model, the data is
processed at each layer.
IP accepts whatever data is passed down to it from the upper layers.

IP Packet Header

Network Layer Devices in Data Flow

As a frame is received at a
router interface.
The MAC address is checked
to see if the frame is directly
addressed to the router
interface, or a broadcast.
The frame header and trailer
are removed and the packet is
passed up to Layer 3.
The destination IP address is
compared to the routing table
to find a match.
The packet (datagram) is
placed in a new frame with the
MAC address of the next hop
interface.
The frame is then transmitted.

If a match is found or there is a default

route, the packet will be sent to the
interface specified in the matched routing
table statement otherwise packet is
discarded

Packets Travel Across Links in a Frame

Packets NEVER travel through the network they are carried within frames
A new frame MUST be created to carry the packet over each individual link
Routers provide the IP address of the next hop interface (router or host)
The ARP table provides the MAC address of this IP address for the frame destination

Connectionless vs. Connection-Oriented

In a connection oriented system is established
between the sender and the recipient before any
data is transferred.
example: Telephone

In a connectionless system, the destination is not

contacted before a packet is sent.
example: Postal system

TCP is connection oriented

IP is connectionless

Connectionless Network Services

The Internet is a huge network where packets are routed according to their
IP addresses.
IP is unreliable and best-effort as IP does not verify that the data reached its
destination and therefore does not resend missing packets.
Reliability and resending of packets is handled by the upper layer protocols.
IP may be used in conjunction with TCP to add a Layer 4, connectionoriented service that checks for missing segments and resends them to
provide reliability.

The IPv4 Packet Header

Time-to-live (TTL)
Count Decreases with every hop
This prevents packets from
looping endlessly.

Routing

The Network Layer

Routing
Routing is an OSI Layer 3 function.
Routers connect networks (or subnetworks)
Routing is the process of finding the most efficient path
from one device to another (router)
Routers must maintain routing tables and make sure
other routers know of changes in the network topology.
This function is performed using a routing protocol to
communicate network information with other routers

Routing Through a Network

A router is a network layer device that uses one or more

routing metrics to determine the optimal path through the
network

Routing Metrics

Data Encapsulation

Layer 3 Routing and Layer 2 Switching

Routers Reduce the Size of Broadcast Domains

Routers block LAN broadcasts, so a broadcast
storm only affects the broadcast domain from which
it originated
Switched networks do not block broadcasts

Routing and Switching in a Network

ARP Tables and Routing Tables

The difference between a routed and routing

protocol revisited

Routed Protocol

Routing Protocol

Routed Vs Routing protocols

A Routed Protocol:
A network protocol suite that provides enough information in its network
layer address to allow a router to forward it to the next device and ultimately
to its destination.
Defines the format and use of the fields within a packet.
The Internet Protocol (IP) and Novell's Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX),
DECnet, AppleTalk, Banyan VINES, and Xerox Network Systems (XNS)

A Routing Protocol:
Provides processes for sharing route information. Exchange topology info.
To determining the best routing paths and transporting packets through an
internetwork
Also allows routers to communicate with other routers to update and
maintain the routing tables.
Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(IGRP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP),
and Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP).

Back to Routing

Path Determination

Path Determination

Routing Tables
Routing tables contain the best routes to all known
networks.
These routes can be either
Static routes, which are entered manually by the system
administrator
Or dynamic routes, which are constructed from
information passed between adjacent routers.

A routing table entry contains:

Each Destination
The next hop IP address to reach that destination
The metric for the route via that next hop
Outbound router interface for the next hop

Routing Tables

Routing Algorithms and Metrics

Routing protocols have one or more of the following design
goals:
Optimization
Simplicity and low overhead
Robustness and stability
Flexibility
Rapid convergence

Routing Algorithms and Metrics

Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols

Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols

IGPs route data within an autonomous system.
RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS

EGPs route data between autonomous systems

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Interior Gateway Routing Protocols

Link State and Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Examples of distance-vector protocols:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP)

Examples of link-state protocols:

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS)

Mechanics of Subnetting

Subnetting
Reasons for subnetting
Provides addressing flexibility for the network
administrator.
Each LAN must have its own network or subnetwork
address.
Provides broadcast containment and low-level security on
the LAN.
Provides some security since access to other subnets is
only available through the services of a router.

IP Address Bit Patterns

Introduction to Subnetting
Host bits must are
reassigned (or
borrowed) as
network bits.

The starting point is

always the leftmost
host bit.

3 bits borrowed allows 23-2 or 6 subnets

5 bits borrowed allows 25-2 or 30 subnets

12 bits borrowed allows 212-2 or 4094 subnets

Subnetting Chart (Bit Position and Value)

Subnetting Chart (Subnet Mask Identifier)

Subnetting

Subnetting Chart

Subnetting Example
This is an example of subnetting the 192.168.10.0 class C
network into 8 subnets with 32 host addresses per subnet

Note that the first and last subnets are not used (the first can be)
Also the first and last host address in each subnet are not used

Example Host IP Address from Subnet 2

Packet Address

192.168.10.65

11000000.10101000.00001010.010

Subnet Mask

255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.111

00000

Subnet Address

192.168.10.64

00000

11000000.10101000.00001010.010

00001

The subnet mask is ANDed with the packet address to

determine the subnet address - as shown in the next slides

The Logical ANDing Process

Calculating the Subnet ID

Subnet Mask Defines the Number of Subnets

Summary