Reproductive

System
Chapter 19

What is the Reproductive

System?

Functions of the
Reproductive System

1.
Production
of
Gametes

What is gametes?
Reproductive system
produces these gametes:
Sperm cells in the testes of
males and oocytes (eggs)in
the ovaries of female

Functions of the
Reproductive System

1.
Production
of
Gametes

Functions of the
Reproductive System

2.
Fertilization

Fertilization is?
An act or process of making
fertile;
The process of union of two
gametes whereby the somatic
of chromosome number is
restored and the development
of new individual is initiated

Functions of the
Reproductive System

3. Development
and
nourishment of
a new
individual

Female reproductive system

nurtures the development of
new individual in the uterus
until birth and provide
nourishment(milk) after
birth

4.
Production
of sex
hormones.

Sex hormones are?

a steroid hormone that is
produced esp. ovaries, testes or
adrenal cortex & that exerts
estrogenic, progestational or
androgenic activity on the growth
or function of the reproductive
organs or development of
secondary sex characteristics

Production of Gametes

Fertilization

Development & Nourishment of a new individual

Production of Sex Hormones

Formation Of Gametes

Formation of Gametes

Testes in males produce

gametes/Sex Cells
Ovaries in females also
produce gametes/ Sex Cells

Formation of gametes in males and females

occurs by a type of cell division called meiosis
Meiosis occurs only In the testes and ovaries
During Meiosis one cell undergoes two
consecutive cell divisions to produce four
daughter cells, each having half as many
chromosomes as the parent cell

Two Divisions of Meiosis

Early
Prophase I
Middle
Prophase I

Duplicated chromosomes become visible

chromatids
Pairs of chromosomes synapse. Crossing over
may occur at this stage
Pairs of chromosome align along the center of

Metaphase I

the cell.

Anaphase I

Chromosomes move apart to opposite sides of

the cell

Telophase I

New Nuclei form, and the cell divides Each. Cell

now has two sets of half the chromosomes

Prophase II

Middle Prophase
II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

Each chromosome consist of two

chromatids.
Chromosomes align along the center of the
cell
Chromatids separate, and each is now called a
chromosome
New nuclei form around the chromosomes.
The cell divide to form four daughter cells
with half as many chromosomes as the parent
cell.

Before meiosis begins, all the chromosomes are

duplicated. At the beginning of meiosis, each of
the 46 chromosomes consist of 2 chromatids
connected by centromere
46 chromosomes are also called diploid
The sex chromosomes determine the
individuals sex
Autosomes determine most other characteristics
Synapsis- chromosomes align as pairs in a
process(middle phase)

Because each chromosome consist of 2

chromatids, the pairing of the chromosomes
brings 2 chromatids of each chromosome
close together. Part of a chromatid of 1
chromosome breaks off and is exchanged
with part of another chromatid from the
other chromosome this is called crossing over
which allows the exchange of genetic
material between chromosomes

Male Reproductive System

Testes
Series of Ducts
Epididymides
Ducta deferentia
Urethra

Accessory Glands
Seminal Glands
Prostate Glands
Bulbourethral Glands
Supporting Structures
Scrotum
Penis

Are very heat-sensitive and must develop at a

temperature slightly less than normal body
temperature.
Sperm cells develop in testes
Sperm cells travel from each testes to the
prostate gland and then empty into the
urethra. The Urethra exits the pelvis passes
through penis and opens to the outside of
the body.

Is a saclike structure containing the testes.

It is divided into right and left internal
compartments by incomplete connective
tissue septum.
Dartos Muscle-layer of smooth muscle;(in
cold temperature) dartos muscle contracts
causing the skin of the scrotum to firm and
wrinkled.

Are oval organs, each about 4-5cm long

The pair of male reproductive glands
enclosed in the scrotum that produce the
male sex hormone testosterone and the
spermatozoa.

Seminiferous tubules- which sperm cells

develop
Seminiferous tubules contains:
1.) Germ cells and egg or sperm or one of
their antecedent cells
2.Sustentacular cells- cell line the wall of the
seminiferous tubules to which spermatogonia
and spermatids are attached
Interstitial cells/leydig cells- which secrete
testosterone

Is the formation of the sperm cell

Spermatogonia- a primitive male germ cell that
gives rise to primary spermatocytes in
spermatogenesis
Primary spermatocytes- diploid spermatocyte
that has not yet undergone meiosis
Secondary spermatocyte- is produced by
division of a primary spermatocyte in the first
meiotic division and that gives in second meiotic
division to give spermatids

Acrosome-contains enzymes that are

released during the process of fertilization
and are necessary for the sperm cell to
penetrate the oocyte or egg cell

Rete testis- network of tubules in the

mediastinum testis
Efferent ductules-carry sperm cells from the
testis to a tightly coiled series of threadlike
tubules that form a comma-shaped structure
on the posterior side of the testis called
epididymis
Capacitation-occur after ejaculation of semen
into the vagina and prior to fertilization.

Emerges from the epididymis and ascends

along the posterior side of the testis to
become associated with the blood vessels
and nerves that supply testis.

Consist of the ductus deferens, testicular

artery and veins, lymphatic vessels and
testicular nerve.
It is surrounded by the cremaster muscle and
two connective tissue sheaths.

Either of a part of glandular pouches that lie

one on either side of the male reproductive
tract and that in human males secrete a sugar
and protein-containing fluid into the
ejaculatory duct

The canal that carries off the urine from the

bladder and in male serves also the passageway
for semen.
Its divided to 3 parts
1. Prostatic Urethra-passes through the prostate
gland
2. Membranous Urethra-passes through the flor
of the pelvis and is surrounded by the external
urinary sphinchter
3. Spongy Urethra- extends the length of the
penis and opens at its end.