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Coupled Oscillations
Dale E. Gary
NJIT Physics Department
-(k1 k2 ) x1 k2 x2 ,
December 03, 2009
m2 x2 k2 x1 - (k2 k3 ) x2 ,
can be written more compactly using matrix notation, as Mx -Kx, where
-k2
k1 k2
x1
m1 0
x ,
M
.
, and K -k
k
k
x
0
m
2
2
3
2
2
Notice that this is a generalization of the single oscillator, which you can see
by setting k2 and k3 = 0. You then get a single equation as in Chapter 5.
Note also that if the coupling spring, k2 = 0, then the two equations become
uncoupled and describe two separate oscillators.
As we did in Chapter 5, we will find complex solutions z(t) = aeiwt, but you can
imagine that we might have more than one frequency of oscillation, w k / m ,
since we have two ms and 3 ks. It turns out that we only need to assume
one frequency initially, but we will arrive at an equation for w that is satisfied
by more than one frequency. z (t )
1 a1 iwt
a1 1e-i1
iwt
Lets try the solutions: z(t )
a e ae , where a a -i 2 .
z
(
t
)
2 2
2 2 e
December 03, 2009
Clearly, if we ignore the trivial solution a = 0 (no motion at all), we must have
det(K - w 2 M ) 0.
-k
0
m
-k
.
2k
Now that we have the frequencies, we must still solve the equation
(K - w 2 M )a 0.
We do this twice, once for each frequency, to obtain the motion x(t) for the
two oscillating carts.
-k k
As a check, you can see that the determinant of this matrix is zero. The
solutions are then
a1 - a2 0
1 -1 a1
2
(K - w M)a k
a 0 or -a a 0 .
1
1
2
1
2
These are both the same equation, and simply says that a1 = a2 = Ae-i. Since
z1 (t ) a1 iw1t A i (w1t - )
z (t )
,
a e A e
z
(
t
)
2 2
we finally have
x (t ) A
x(t ) 1 cos(w1t - ).
x2 (t ) A
That is, both carts move in unison: x1 (t ) A cos(w1t - )
x2 (t ) A cos(w1t - )
The motion is shown in the figure below. Notice that the spring between the
two carts does not stretch or contract at all.
When we plot the motion, it looks like this (identical motions, in phase).
-k -k
As a check, you can see that the determinant of this matrix is zero. The
solutions are then
a1 a2 0
1 1 a1
2
(K - w M)a -k
a 0 or a a 0 .
1
1
2
1
2
These are again both the same equation, and simply says that a1 = -a2 = Ae-i.
Since
z1 (t ) a1 iw2t A i (w2t - )
z (t )
,
a e - A e
z
(
t
)
2 2
we finally have
x (t ) A
x(t ) 1 cos(w2 t - ).
x2 (t ) - A
x1 (t ) A cos(w2 t - )
x2 (t ) - A cos(w2 t - )
The motion is shown in the figure below. Notice that the spring between the
two carts stretches and contracts, contributing to the higher force, and hence,
higher frequency.
When we plot the motion, it looks like this (identical motions, in phase, but at
a higher frequency w2).
General Motion
It is important to realize that, although these are the only two normal modes
for the oscillation, the general oscillation is a combination of these two
modes, with possibly different amplitudes and phases depending on initial
conditions.
1
1
x(t ) A1 cos(w1t - 1 ) A2 cos(w2 t - 2 ).
1
-1
w2 3w1
is an irrational ratio, the motion never repeats itself, except in the case that
either A1 or A2 = 0.
Motion for
A1 = 1, 1 = 0
A2 = 0.7, 2 = p/2
December 03, 2009
Normal Coordinates
2 12 ( x1 - x2 ).
Using these coordinates, as you can easily check, the two normal modes are
no longer mixed, but instead we have:
1 (t ) A cos(w1t - )
[first normal mode]
.
2 (t )
0
1 (t )
0
.
2 (t ) A cos(w2 t - )
Lets consider an interesting special case of two coupled oscillators with weak
coupling. We can arrange this by making the coupling spring weak compared
to the figure below, with k1 = k3 = k, and k2 << k.
As you can guess, this will have the same normal modes as before, with
-k2
k k2
m 0
M
,
and
K
k k2
0 m
- k2
Solving det(K - w 2 M ) ( k k2 - mw 2 ) 2 - k22 ( k - mw 2 )(k 2k 2 - mw 2 ), we
conclude that
k 2k 2
k
w1
, and w2
.
m
m
In general, the constants are complex constants, but lets look at the case
where they are equal and real, i.e. C1 = C2 = A/2, so the solution becomes
cos e t iwot
A e-ie t eie t iwot
z(t ) -ie t
e A
e .
i
sin
e
t
2 e - eie t
Envelope is cos et
Rapid oscillation
is cos wot