Chapter 1

Microorganism and Their Effects

on Living Thing

References
1.Focus Goal Science Pelangi
Classification of Microorganism
Size : 0.2 ʯm to 10 ʯm
Bact
eria Shape : Coccus Diplococcus Streptococcus
Coccus (spherical)

Spirilla
Bacillus (Spiral-shaped)
(Rod-shaped) Vibrio
(Comma-shaped)

Modes of nutrition :
1.Autotrophic – make own food by photosynthesis or from nitrite by chemosynthesis
2.Saprophytic – feed on dead and decaying organisms
3.Parasitic – Obtain food from living organisms

Habitat : Air, water, soil, food and food of other organism

Respiration : Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration

Reproduction :
Asexual
Binary fission & Spores formation
Sexual
Conjugation
Classification of Microorganism
Bacteriophage

Viru Influenza virus 1.The smallest microorganism

2.Do not have cellular organism
ses 3.Made up of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) enclosed by protein

Size : 0.02 ʯm to 0.4 ʯm

Shape : Spherical, rod-shaped, cubic, spiral & tadpole-shaped

Nutrition :
Viruses do not feed

Habitat : Live in living host cell, form crystals outside the cell

Respiration : Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration

Mode of reproduction :
Making used of cellular components of living cells to make copies of itself
Classification of Microorganism

Fu 1.Don’t have chlorophyll

ngi 2.Some are unicell – yeast
3.Some are multicell - mucor
Mushroom

Size : 10 ʯm to 100 ʯm

Shape : Spherical, network of filaments

Nutrition :
1.Saprohytic: secrete enzyme to break down dead organism before absorb the nutrients
2.Parasitic: obtain nutrients from living organisms (Tinea live on human skin)

Habitat :
Dark and damp places include decaying matter and bodies of living organism

Asexual (budding & spore formation) & sexual (Conjugation)

Classification of Microorganism

Proto Paramecium 1.Unicell animals

zoa
Amoeba

Size : 5 ʯm to 250 ʯm

Shape : Spherical, spindle-shaped & irregular-shaped

Nutrition :
1.Saprohytic: feed on dead organism and decaying matter
2.Parasitic: feed on living organisms

Habitat : Aquatic habitats, damp places & bodies of living organisms

Mode of reproduction : Asexual (binary fission-amoeba) & sexual (conjugation-paramecium)

Classification of Microorganism
Chlamydomonas

Alg 1.Unicell - Chlamydomonas

2.Multicell - Spirogyra
ae 3.Have chloroplast nucleus & cellulose cell wall

Spirogyra
Size : 1 ʯm to 100 ʯm

Shape : Spherical, oval-shaped & filamentous

Nutrition :
1.Antotropic : most algae have chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis

Habitat :
•Ponds, drains, rivers, seas
•Damp places – damp soil & tree barks

Mode of reproduction : Asexual (binary fission, fragmentation, spore formation) & sexual (con
 Temperature
Optimum temperature is 37°C

The growth of microorganism increases with the availability of nutrient

Factors effecting the growth of organisms

pH
Natural pH of 7 is most suitable

A relative humidity between 25% - 40% is most suitable

Light
Most microorganism grow well in dark condition
 Yeast grow easily when glucose is added Try yourself

a)Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the given statement

üNutrient effect the growth of yeast
b)Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis above, based on the following
criteria
•Aim of the experiment * at the given statement
üTo study the effect of nutrient on the growth of yeast
•Identification of variables * at the given statement
üMV : The presence of nutrient
üRV : The growth of yeast
üCV : Temperature of yeast suspension
•List of apparatus and materials * yeast suspension + nutrient - will turn the lime water
•Procedure * based on the apparatus set up or the diagram of apparatus above
•Tabulation of data * used the manipulated variable and responding variable
üUse table to write the data
•
• The presence of The growth of
•
nutrient
Yes / Present yeast
Easy
No / Absent Difficult
 Yeast – used to make dough rise
Brewing in Yeast – used to produce alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer
Vinegar Bacteria – used to oxidize alcohol
vinegar

Microscopic fungi – used in the making soya

sauce Nata de Coco Bacteria – fermentation
bacteria

Bacteria & FungiYogurt

– used to make cheese from
Bacteria – made by fermenting
milk milk
 Diseases caused by microorganisms
Microorganism Disease Symptom
Bacteria Turberculosis (TB) Chest pain, Coughing up
Bacteria destroy the lung tissue blood, Fever, Night sweats
Cholera Severe diarrhoea, Vomiting,
Bacteria attack the human digestive tract Stomach cramps
Protozoa Malaria Alternating high fever,
Caused by Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles Sweating and Shivering,
Fungi Ringworm
mosquitoes.(Tinea)
Plasmodium destroys the red blood cells, thus Red and Muscle
Nausea, scaly patches
pain on the
Ring-shaped
causing infection on the skin skin that itch
Viruses Dengue severe
fever anaemia. Highfever, Severe joint and
Transmitted by female Aedes mosquitoes muscle pain, Sore throat,
Hepatitis Fever, Jaundice (yellowing of
Headache
the body), Weight loss
AIDS Swollen lymph nodes, Weight
Caused by HIV virus which attacks the white blood cell loss, Fever,
 Vectors
1.Vector – an organism which carries pathogens to other organism (houseflies, mosquitoes)
t – sexual activities, blood transmistion, sharing of needles (AIDS)
act – sharing towels, clothings & combs (ringworm)

Pathogens
Air are spread through
1.When patient coughs, sneezes or talks, pathogens are spread through d
2.When patient splits, pathogen & their spores spread through air when
ns pathogens from sewage or faeces from an infected person
contaminated water

Food
1.Can be contaminated if not cook properly, handling with dirty hand
 Ways to prevent infection caused by microorganism
SPM 04,05
Control of vector
Understand the life cycles of vectors to prevent the vector from breeding [why we
need to under stand]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Lifecycle of
Lifecycle of a housefly
7. a mosquito
8.
9.
10.
11.

1.Get rid of the stagnant water as this is the breeding ground of

mosquitoes.
2.Spray oil on the surface of stagnant water to prevent the larvae and
pupae from breathing.
3.Rear guppies to feed on the mosquitoes larvae.
4.Get rid of breeding grounds of houseflies such as rubbish dumps and
exposed feaces.
5.Always cover food to prevent houseflies from contaminating it.
SPM 04,05 Ways to prevent infection caused by microorganism

Sterilisation
1.The use of heat
An autoclave or a pressure cooker can be used to kill microorganism as well as
their spores
1.The use of chemicals
Sterilisation can be carried out by using antiseptics and disinfectants
1.The use of radiation
Sterilisation can also be carried out by using radiation such as gamma rays and
UV light

Immunity
Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against diseases
 IMmUniTy

Passive
Active

Artificial
Artificial
Obtained through the injection of serum; obtained from animals that are already im
through vaccination. Vaccine is a dose of weakened or dead pathogen
Natural Natural
Obtained by babies while they are in the mother womb
ecovery from a certain disease - chickenpox
 Way to treat diseases

Gamma rays - used to kill

cancer cell
Penicillin

Traditional Radiotherapy
medical
treatment Surgery

Antibiotic
Modern
medical
treatment
Synthetic drugs
Antiserum
Antifungal
Paracetamol
drugs

Cream / lotion for

treat ringworm
 Microorganism vs. Human Being & Nature

Useful
•

1. Help to digest food

2. Used in food processing
3. Produce medicine
4. Used in manufacturing of leather
5. Produce hormone & antibiotic
•
Harmful
6. Help to maintain ,N2, CO2 & O2
1. Can cause disease & food
7. Recycle waste & dead organic material spoilage
in soil
2. Infect plant – leads to food
8. shortage
9. 3. Infect animal – reduces yield of
cops
4.