AUSTRIA

BABYLYN

 The

biochemical process by which ATP is

synthesized from ADP as a result of the
transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 through the
electron carriers involved in the electron
transport chain.

 Pairs

of biochemical reactions that occur

concurrently in which energy released
by one reaction is used in the other
reaction

 An

explanation for the coupling of ATP

synthesis with electron transport chain
reactions that requires a proton gradient
across the inner mitochondrial
membrane

 Functions

as an uncoupling agent that

allows the electron transport chain to
proceed without ATP production

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BABYLYN

For each mole of NADH oxidized in

the ETC, 2.5 moles of ATP are formed.
FADH2
Produces only 1.5 moles of ATP per mole
of FADH2 oxidized. FADH2s entrance point
is beyond the first proton-pumping site.
In total:
3 NADH

7.5 ATP
1 FADH2

1.5 ATP
1 GTP

1 ATP
10 ATP

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BABYLYN

ADP + Pi ATP

LIFE PROCESSES

FOOD
CATABOLISM

Cellular work:
-Muscle contracting
-Nutrient transport
-Synthesis of
essential
compounds

Oxidation of:
-Carbohydrates
-Fats
-Proteins

ADP ATP + Pi

high energy phosphate compound

Its hydrolysis to ADP produces an
intermediate amount of free energy;
-7.5 kcal/mole
Energy derived is biochemically useful
It is larger that the amount of energy
needed by compounds used to form ATP

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BABYLYN

 Significant

amounts of the remaining

oxygen are converted into several
highly reactive oxygen species (ROS)
ex: hydrogen peroxide, superoxide ion,
hydroxyl radical

 Superoxide

ion that is not needed id

eliminated in a two-step process
governed by the enzymes superoxide
dismutase and catalase, two of the most
rapidly working enzymes.

1. Superoxide

ion is converted to hydrogen

peroxide.
2O2 + 2H H2O2 + H2O
(superoxide dismutase)
2. Hydrogen

peroxide is converted to

water.
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
(catalase)

 Immediate

destruction of the hydrogen

peroxide produced in the first of the two
steps is critical, because if it persisted
then unwanted production of the
hydroxyl radical would occur via
hydrogens peroxide reaction with
superoxide ion.
H2O2 + O2 + H+

H2O + O2 + OH

Hydroxyl radicals react quickly with other

substances by taking an electron from
them. Such action usually causes bond
breaking.
It is estimated that 5% of the ROSs escape
destruction through normal channels.
Participating in this antioxidant network are
glutathione, vitamin C, and beta-carotene
and vitamin E.
The vitamin antioxidants prevent oxidative
damage by reacting with the harmful ROS
oxidizing agents before they can react with
other biologically important substances.

Biologically active compounds found in plants

Compounds found in plants that have
biochemical activity in the human body even
though they have no nutritional value
Antioxidant activity, cancer inhibition,
cholesterol regulation, and anti inflammatory
activity
Flavonoids substances having high
antioxidant activity

 ROS

can also be formed in the body as

the result of external influences such as
polluted air, cigarette smoke, and
radiation exposure.
Vitamin C is particularly effective against
such free-radical damage

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BABYLYN

Vitamins
Involved
1.Niacin
2.Riboflavin
3.Thiamin
4.Panthothenic
Acid