John Keats

"To Autumn" is a poem by English

Romantic poet John Keats (31 October
1795 23 February 1821).

"To Autumn" is the final work in a group

of poems known as
Keats's "1819 odes".

"To Autumn" is a poem of three stanzas, each of eleven

lines. Written in 1819, the structure is that of an odal hymn
, having three clearly defined sections corresponding to the
Classical divisions of strophe, antistrophe, and epode

The imagery is richly achieved through

the personification of Autumn

Poem

Season of mists and mellow

fruitfulness,

Close bosom-friend of the

maturing sun;

Conspiring with him how to load and

bless

With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;

To bend with apples the moss'd cottagetrees,

And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;

To swell the gourd, and plump the

hazel shells

With a sweet kernel; to set budding

more,

And still more, later flowers for the

bees,

Until they think warm days will never

cease,

For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their

clammy cells.

Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy

store?

Sometimes whoever seeks abroad

may find

Thee sitting careless on a granary

floor,

Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing

wind

Or on a half-reapd furrow sound

asleep,

Drowsed with the fume of poppies, while thy

hook

Spares the next swath and all its

twind flowers:

And sometimes like a gleaner thou

dost keep

Steady thy laden head across a

brook;

Or by a cyder-press, with
patient look,

Thou watchest the last oozings, hours

by hours.

Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where

are they?

Think not of them, thou hast thy music

too,

While barrd clouds bloom the softdying day

And touch the stubble-plains with

rosy hue;

Then in a wailful choir the small gnats

mourn

Among the river-sallows,

borne aloft

Or sinking as the light wind

lives or dies;
sinking

And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly

bourn;

Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble

soft

The redbreast whistles from a gardencroft;

And gathering swallows twitter in the

skies.

Trusses

Element Formulation by
Virtual Work
Use virtual work to derive element
stiffness matrix based on assumed
displacements
Principle of virtual work states that if a
general structure that is in equilibrium
with its applied forces deforms due to a
set of small compatible virtual
displacements, the virtual work done is
equal to its virtual strain energy of
internal stresses.

 At element level, Ue = We
Ue = virtual strain energy of internal
stresses
We = virtual work of external forces
acting through virtual displacements

 We now assume a simple

displacement function to define the
displacement of every material point
in the element.
Usually use low order polynomials
Here
u = a1 + a2x
u is axial displacement
a1, a2 are constants to be determined
x is local coordinate along member

 The constants are found by imposing

the known nodal displacements ui, uj
at nodes i and j
ui = a1 + a2xi
uj = a1 + a2xj
ui, uj are nodal displacements
xi, xj are nodal coordinates

 letting xi = 0, xj = L, we get
a1 = ui
a2 = (uj-ui)/L

We can write

x
u 1
L

x
L

ui
[N ]{d}
uj

[N] = matrix of element shape functions

or interpolation functions
{d} = nodal displacements

 N N1

N2

x
N1 1 ,
L
x
N2
L
Pr operties
N i 1 at node i and zero at all other nodes
Ni 1

i.e. at any point in the element N1 N 2 1

N1=1

Variation of N1

N2=1

Variation of N2

 Strain is given by
du
d[N]

{d} [B]{d}
dx
dx
1
B 1 1
L

where [B] is a matrix relating strain

to nodal displacement (matrix of
derivatives of shape function)

 Now

= E(= E[B]{d}-E
Stress and strain are constant in a
member

Define internal virtual strain energy

for a set of virtual displacements
{d} to beU ( )T dV
e

- = virtual strain
- = stress level at equilibrium
dV = volume

Virtual work of nodal forces is

T
We = {d} {f}
Then, virtual work is given by

dv d
T

 Substituting and rearranging gives

V [B]{d}

E[B]{d} Eo dV {d}T {f }

{d}T V [B]T E[B]{d}dV {d}T V [B]T E odv {d}T {f }

Canceling {d} gives [k]{d}={F}

where[k ] [B]T E[B]dV
T

1
F f EAo
1
For thermal problem

o T

 for a truss we get

EA 1 1
[k ]
L 1 1

this formulation method also applies

to 2-d and 3-d elements

ocedure for Direct Stiffness Method (Displacement Metho

1. Discretize into finite elements, Identify nodes, elements
and number them in order.
2. Develop element stiffness matrices [Ke] for all the
elements.
3. Assemble element stiffness matrices to get the global
stiffness matrix ([KG] = [Ke]). The size of of global
stiffness matrix = total d.o.f of the structure including at
boundary nodes. Assembly is done by matching element
displacement with global displacements. Also develop
appropriate force vector (by adding element force vectors)
such that equation of the type [KG] {u}={F} is obtained.

Procedure for Direct Stiffness Method

4. Apply kinematic boundary conditions. Without applying
boundary conditions, [KG] will be singular. (minimum
number of boundary conditions required is to arrest Rigid
Body displacements).
5.

Solve for unknown displacements {u} ( {u}= [KG] 1{F}).

6. Once displacements are determined find

(a) reactions by picking up appropriate rows from the
equation {F}=[KG] {u}, (b) Find element forces {f}=[Ke]
{ue}, (c) Element stresses given by {e}= [D][B]{ue}.

F1 , u1

F 2, u2

2
Boundary Conditions
u1=0, u 2=0

F3 , u3

2A, L, E

KG

2 -2

AE

-2 2+1 -1

L
-1
1

A, L, E

Reactions

0
AE
PL
2P
F1 2 -2 0
1
L
3AE
3
0
0
AE
PL
P
F3 0 -1 1
1
L
3AE
3
0

Element Forces

Element 1
f1
2AE 1 -1 u1

L -1 1 u 2
f 2
2p / 3
2AE 1 -1 PL 0

2p / 3
L -1 1 3AE 1
Element 2
f1
AE 1 -1 u 2

L -1 1 u 3
f 2
p / 3
AE 1 -1 PL 1
=

p / 3
L -1 1 3AE 0

f2

f1
A, L, E

2P
3

2P
3
2A, L, E

P
3

A, L, E

P
3

Element 1

Element 2
u1

u2

u2

AE 1 1
K1
L 1 1

K2

u3

AE
1 1

L 1 1

Stress in element 1
u1
1 1 u1

1 E1 EB E

L L u 2
u2
u 2 u1
4 1.5 0
=E
2.0 10
200N / mm 2
L
150
Stress in element 2
u2
1 1 u 2

2 E2 EB E

L L u 3
u 3
u3 u2
4 1.2 1.5
=E
2.0 10
40N / mm 2
L
150

Direct Element Formulation

truss element acts like 1-d spring
l >> transverse dimensions
pinned connection to other members
(only axial loading).
usually constant cross section and
modulus of elasticity

AE
k
L
A = cross section area
E = modulus of elasticity
L = length

 Assume displacements are much

smaller than overall geometry
vertical displacements of horizontal
member produce no vertical force

Stiffness matrix is written in local

element coordinates aligned along
element axis
want stiffness matrix for arbitrary
orientation

 rotate coordinate systems using

rotation matrix [R]
displacement components in global
coordinates are related to
displacement components in local
coordinates by {d}=[R]{d}
{d} = displacement in global
coordinates
{d} = displacement in local element
coordinates

qj

qi

vi

pi

ui

vj
AE

Pj

ui

L
x

k
0

st
1 column
k
0
k
0

rd
3 column
k
0

qi = 0

pi = k=AE / L

ui=1

qi = 0

pi = k=AE / L u
i=1

qj = 0

pj = k = AE / L

qj = 0

 0
0

th
4 column
0
0
0
0

2 nd column
0
0

qi = 0

qj = 0
pj = 0
vj =1

pi = 0

qi = 0

vi =1
pi = 0

qj = 0
pj = 0

 start with member on x axis, element

equations are
k
0

k
0

0
0

0
0

u ' i
v '

u
'

j
v ' j

p 'i
q'
i

p'j
q ' j

or {k}{d}={f}
Note that y equations are all zero

qj

vj

x
pj

uj

pi

ui

x
vi

qi

at node i
u 'i u i cos( ) v i sin( )

p ' i p i cos( ) q i sin( )

v 'i u i sin( ) v i cos( )

q ' i q i sin( ) q i cos( )

At node i

u ' i
cos

sin
v ' i

sin u i

cos v i

p ' i
cos

sin
q ' i

A similar matrix can be obtained at node j

u ' i
cos
v '
sin
i
u '
0
j

v ' j
0

sin
cos

0
0

cos

sin

0 u i
v

0
i
sin u j

cos v j

sin pi

cos q i

 Matrix [R] is:

0
0 c
cos sin
sin cos
0
0 s

0
cos sin 0
0
0
0
0

sin

cos

s 0
c 0
0 c
0 s

0
0

s
c

 Similarly , force components are

related by {f} = [R]{f}
Local force displacement relation is
[k]{d} = {f}
global force displacement relation is
[k][R]{d} = [R]{f}
using fact that [R]-1 = [R]T, we get
T
[R] [k][R]{d} = {f}

 then [k] = stiffness matrix in global

T
coordinates is [R] [k][R]

c2

cs
[k] k 2
c

cs

cs c cs
2
2
s cs s
2
cs c
cs
2
2
s cs s
2

 Structure equation is [k] {D} = {F}

[k] = structure stiffness matrix
{D} = nodal displacement vector
{F} = applied load vector

DB{u 'i u 'j }

note u 'i u i cos( ) v i sin( )

u i
={c s}
v i

-1
E
L

u i
u i
v
v
1 c s 0 0 i
E
i

u c -s c s u

L 0 0 c s j
L
j
vj
v j

2
C o o r d in a t e

E le m e n t

i- n o d e
y

c2

C o o r d in a te

2 L s in 4 5

cs

L e n g th

j- n o d e

L c o s 4 5 L s in 4 5

L c o s 4 5 L s in 4 5

c 2 cs

cs
s
cs s

[k ' ] k
c 2 cs c 2
cs

2
2
cs
s
cs s
2

y
L

c o s4 5

s in 4 5

c o s4 5

-sin 4 5

x j xi
L

, m

y j yi
L

x j x i y j yi
2

v3

v3

u3

u3

Finite Element Model

usually use existing codes to solve
problems
user responsible for
creating the model
executing the program
interpreting the results

 arrangement of nodes and elements

is known as the mesh
plan to make the mesh model the
structure as accurately as possible

 for a truss
each member is modeled as 1 truss
element
truss members or elements are
connected at nodes
node connections behave like pin joints
truss element behaves in exact
agreement with assumptions
no need to divide a member into more
than 1 element

 such subdivision will cause execution to

fail
due to zero stiffness against lateral force at
the node connection where 2 members are
in axial alignment

 there is geometric symmetry

often possible to reduce the size of
problem by using symmetry
need loading symmetry as well

 Fig. 3-5 and 3-6 show symmetric

loads and the reduced model
need to impose extra conditions along
the line of symmetry
displacement constraints: nodes along the
line of symmetry must always move along
that line
changed loads: the load at the line of
symmetry is split in two

Computer input assistance

a preprocessor is used to assist user
input
required inputs are
data to locate nodes in space
definition of elements by node numbers
type of analysis to be done
material properties
displacement conditions
applied loads

 interactive preprocessors are

preferable
you can see each node as it is created
elements are displayed as they are
created
symbols are given for displacement and
load conditions
usually allow mesh generation by
replication or interpolation of an existing
mesh
allow inserting nodes along lines

 truss element consists of 2 node

numbers that connect to form
element
other information for truss is
modulus of elasticity
cross sectional area

data can form a material table

assign element data by reference to
the table

 boundary or displacement conditions

are set by selecting a node and
setting its displacement
do not over constrain a structure by
prescribing zero displacements
where there is no physical support

 loading conditions are set by

selecting nodes and specifying force
or moment components
check model carefully at this point

Analysis Step
mostly transparent to user
small truss models have enough
accuracy and performance for an
accurate solution
a large model has a large number of
elements and nodes

 numerical solution may not be

accurate if there are full matrices
get better accuracy if the nonzero
terms are close to the diagonal
reduces the number of operations and
round off error (banded matrix)

 in FE model, element or node

numbering can affect bandwidth
good numbering pattern can minimize
bandwidth
different methods based on node or
element numbering
to minimize, plan numbering pattern so
nodes that connect through an element
have their equations assembled close
together

 In Fig. 3-7, node numbers are

considered, Xs show nonzero terms

 In Fig. 3-8, node numbers are

considered

 many programs have bandwidth or

wavefront minimizers available
most programs will keep original
numbering for display but use the
minimized number scheme

 numerical algorithms, numerical

range of the computer affect solution
relative stiffness of members can
influence results
problems when members of high and
low stiffness connect
can exceed precision of computer
physical situation is usually undesirable

 Approximation error for truss is zero

Most common error messages
(errors) come from
incorrect definition of elements
incorrect application of displacement
boundary conditions

 may get non-positive definite structure

stiffness matrix from not enough
boundary conditions to prevent rigid
body motion
two elements connect in-line zero lateral
stiffness
truss structure not kinematically stable
(linkage)

 next look at stress components

in continua, stress components are
related to averaged quantities at the
nodes
trusses have a stress in each member
(not easy to plot)

truss model is exact so it does not

usually need refinement

Output Processing and

Evaluation
Get numerical results with input data
followed by all nodal displacements
and element stresses
first graphic to look at is the
deformed shape of the structure
nodal displacements are exaggerated to
show structure deformation
check to ensure model behaves as
expected

 linear elastic analysis, failure is by

overstressing
buckling (have to find members with
significant compression and use Euler's
buckling equation)

Final Remarks
few situations where a truss element
is the right element for modeling
behavior