Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Diseases
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By
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Ebola
HIV / AIDS
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
West Nile virus
Legionnaires disease
Flesh-eating disease
Lyme disease
Mad cow disease
SARS
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Determinants of Health
There are associations between the
determinants of health and communicable
and infectious diseases, e.g.:
Low income is linked to increased rates of
sexually transmitted infection
Low literacy levels are a barrier to receiving
effective care for sexually transmitted infections
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. Agent
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Viruses
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Host
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Environment
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Environment
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. Vertical transmission:
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. Horizontal transmission:
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Common Vehicle:
Transport of infectious agent
From: infected host
To: susceptible host
Via: food, water, milk, blood, serum, salvia
or plasma
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Vector
A nonhuman organism:
Insect- tick, mosquito, snails, flies
They bite or deposit infected material near
host
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Incubation period:
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Surveillance
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Education
Immunization
Screening
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. Influenza
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. Smallpox
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Nonvaccine-preventable diseases:
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Healthcare workers
Persons with weakened immune systems (e.g.,
alcoholics, diabetics, those infected with HIV, older
adults)
CHNs may:
Administer and interpret TB skin tests
Collect specimens
Monitor medications
Provide education and support when necessary
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Chlamydia:
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Gonorrhea:
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HIV infection:
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Lymphadenopathy
Myalgias
Sore throat
Lethargy
Rash
Fever
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If left untreated, about 80% to 90% of HIVinfected persons live for about 10 years
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Transmission:
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Nosocomial infections:
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Hepatitis
Persons most at risk are:
Travellers to countries with high rates of HAV
infection
Children in areas of high rates
Injection drug users
Men having sex with men
Persons with clotting disease or chronic liver
disease
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Hemodialysis clients
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Immunization
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Healthcare workers
Pregnant women
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. Water-borne Diseases
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Cholera
Typhoid fever
Bacillary dysentery
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Food infection:
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Food intoxication:
Results from
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Botulism
Mercury poisoning
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Diseases of Travellers
Malaria:
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No vaccine is available
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Diarrheal diseases:
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Zoonosis:
Animal bites
Inhalation
Ingestion
Direct contact
Arthropod intermediates
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Rabies:
A well-known zoonosis
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Primary Prevention
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Community outreach:
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Community education:
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Evaluation:
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Includes:
Screening for diseases to ensure early
identification and treatment
Follow-up with contacts to prevent further spread
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Evaluation:
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Secondary Prevention
Includes:
Screening for diseases to ensure early
identification and treatment
Follow-up with contacts to prevent further spread
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The STI guidelines outline the pre- and postcounselling needed for persons with
negative and positive antibody test results
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Tertiary Prevention
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AIDS
Management in the home may include:
Monitoring physical status
Referring the family to additional care services for
maintaining the client in the home
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QUIZ
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Q-1
Of the following statements about Salmonella
made by a class member, which one indicates that
additional teaching is needed?
a."Certain pets and farm animals may be
Salmonella carriers."
b."It is possible to transmit Salmonella through
person-to-person contact."
c."Salmonella may be spread through blood once
the infected blood is exposed to air."
d."Salmonella outbreaks are usually due to
contaminated meat, poultry, and eggs."
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ANS: C
Meat, poultry, and eggs are the foods
most often associated with
salmonellosis outbreaks. Animals are
common reservoirs for the various
Salmonella serotypes. Although
infected humans may also be
carriers, animals are more likely to be
chronic carriers. Reptiles, such as
iguanas, have been implicated as
Salmonella carriers, as well as turtles,
poultry, cattle, swine, rodents, dogs,
and cats. Person-to-person
transmission is an important
consideration in day care and
institutional settings. Anthrax (not
Salmonella) forms spores when
infected blood is exposed to air.
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Q-2
Of the following interventions for infectious
diseases, which one is most representative of
primary prevention?
a.A tetanus booster every 10 years
b.A tetanus booster after stepping on a nail
c.Tetanus immunoglobulin after stepping on a
nail
d.Giving antibiotics to a client who has tetanus
and placing the client on seizure precautions
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ANS: A
Giving tetanus boosters before any
exposure has occurred is a primary
prevention measure.
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Q-3
What group is most at risk today for an outbreak of
pneumococcal pneumonia?
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ANS: B
The outbreaks in chronic care facilities were
determined to be the result of failure to
vaccinate at-risk populations, particularly the
elderly over age 65 who live in or visit
community settings with many older adults. As
the majority of deaths caused by pneumococcal
and influenza disease occur in those over 65,
nurses should make an effort to ensure that such
vaccinations are routinely administered in
institutions that serve the older adult population.
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Q-4
Who might be most at risk for an infectious
disease?
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ANS: B
Crowded living arrangements in institutional
settings lead to higher risk for residents.
Immigrants from countries where TB is
indigenous are also at risk. The 85-year-old
emigrant, having two risk factors, would
therefore be the most vulnerable.
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Q-5
People are fearful of the West Nile virus. What
could a nurse truthfully say to them?
a."As long as you stay out of forested areas, you'll
be safe."
b."Don't touch any dead birds or other small
animals and you'll be fine."
c."It is spread by infected mosquitoes, so wear
insect repellent."
d."The disease only occurs in isolated sections of
the United States, so you're probably safe."
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ANS: C
West Nile virus is spread over a wide
geographic area and is considered an
epidemic. Because it is spread by infected
mosquitoes, people should consider using
insect repellent.
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Q-6
A CHN asks a class to describe the ways in which
HIV can be transmitted. Which of the following
responses by students indicates a need for
additional teaching?
a."Droplet spread from sneezing or coughing"
b."Having unprotected sex with someone who is
infected"
c."Sharing needles when shooting up drugs"
d."Transfusions of blood products that are
contaminated with HIV"
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ANS: A
HIV is transmitted through sexual contact
involving exchange of body fluids with an
infected person; sharing needles, syringes and
other equipment used to inject IV drugs;
perinatal transmission from mother to child
during delivery or breastfeeding; and through
transfusions of contaminated blood (though
less common than previously). HIV is not
transmitted through coughing or sneezing.
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