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WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?
ITS PURPOSE?
The
DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES
Derivational morphemes create new words. They
Derive new words from other words.
e.g., unhappy un + happy;
Happiness happy + ness; preview pre + view.
Further properties
Change part of speech or the meaning of a word
(3) a. part of speech: us-able (V ! A), trouble Some (N ! A), judg-ment (V ! N)
B. meaning: dis-comfort, ex-boyfriend
C. both: use-less (V ! A)
INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME
Inectional morphemes, on the other hand, do not
change meanings or parts of speech, but instead
simply make minor grammatical changes necessary for
agreement with other words.
e.g., cats cat + s; cooler cool + er.
There are only eight inectional morphemes: -s,
-ed, -ing, - en, -s, -'s, -er, -est
They do not change meaning or part of speech:
cat - cats - cat's ! nouns
They are required by the syntax
They are very productive
They occur after derivational morphemes, usually at
the very end of the word (in english)
They can only be suffixes (in english)
CLASSICATION MORPHEMES
Free
AFFIXATION
we are going to explore are some of the ways in which complex words are
formed by creating bases which contain several derivational morphemes.
Let us take the latinate root-dict-meaning speak, say which is found in
diction, dictate, dictational, contradict, benediction, etc. starting with-dict-,
we can form complex words such as contradictory and contradictoriness
by attaching several afixes to the root, i.e. we can have multiple affixation.
this process can take place in anumber of rounds, with the output created
by one round of affixation serving as the input to later round:
Root -dictvOutput
Base: -dictv
(round one: prefixation: contradictv
Add contra-preposition)
Base: contradict(round two: first contradict-oryAdj
Suffixation: add-oryAdj
Base: contradictoryAdj(round three: second contradictorinessN
Suffixation: add nessN
STEPHANIE DE LA TORRE
COMPOUNDING
ENDOCENTRIC COMPOUNDS: It is a constituent
syntactic compound that is clear of a core, that it
is an indispensable element, and of other
insignificant elements that they complement to
the core. The verbal syntagms are constructions
clearly endocntricas, since always they contain a
lexical verb in his interior.
EXOCENTRIC: An adjective that it allows to
name to the subject that possesses a rare or
extravagant character or personality.
WORD COINAGE
COINAGE: It is a piece of a resistant material, of
weight and composition
EPONYMS: It is a name derived from a person and
that designates a people, place, concept or object of
any class
BLENDIG: Phrases like that one of the title that
seem to us to the first sight
CLIPPING: They are words abridged not to put the
whole content of a prayer.
BACKFORMATION: It is a base text for the
elements of the results of every prayer.
ACRONYMS: It is named an abbreviation to each of
the letters that form the mentioned word.
PAST OF SPEECH
PHRASAL CATEGORIES
ADJETIVE PHRASE:
GRAMATICAL RELATIONS
SUBJECT
The subject has the grammatical function in a sentence of relating its
constituent (a noun phrase) by means of the verb to any other elements
present in the sentence, i.e. objects, complements and adverbials.The
subject is a phrasal constituent, and should be distinguished from parts
of speech, which, roughly, classify words within constituent.
DIRECT OBJECT
A direct object will follow a transitive verb [a type of action verb]. Direct
objects can be nouns, pronouns, phrases, or clauses. If you can identify
the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the direct objectif one
existsis easy. Just remember this simple formula: subject + verb +
what? or who? = direct object
Here are examples of the formula in action:
Sandra and Manuel played soccer with a grapefruit pulled from a
backyard tree.
Sandra, Manuel = subjects; played = verb. Sandra and Manuel played
what? Soccer = direct object.
ADVERBIALS
An adverbial is a construction that modifies, or describes, verbs. When
an adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meaning of that verb. For
example, a prepositional phrase, an infinitive phrase, and a nominal
clause can all modify verbs. In every sentence pattern, the adverbial tells
where, when, why, how, etc. There can be more than one adverbial in a
sentence. Also, there is not a certain slot fixed for adverbials. They are
movable. One way to analyze sentence structure is to think in terms of
form and function. Form refers to a word class--such as noun, verb,
adjective, adverb, and preposition--as well as types of phrases, such as
prepositional phrase, nominal clause, and adverbial clause. Function
refers to the function of the form in a sentence. For example, the function
of a prepositional phrase in a sentence may be adverbial; that is, it
modifies a verb.
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
A subject complement is the adjective, noun, or pronoun that follows a
linking verb.
The following verbs are true linking verbs: any form of the verb be [am,
is, are, was, were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.], become,
and seem. These true linking verbs are always linking verbs .
examples:
Brandon is a gifted athlete.
Brandon = subject; is = linking verb; athlete = noun as subject
complement.
It was he who caught the winning touchdown Friday night.
It = subject; was = linking verb; he = pronoun as subject complement.
Brandon becomes embarrassed when people compliment his skill.
Brandon = subject; becomes = linking verb; embarrassed = adjective
as subject complement.
Brandon's face will turn red.Face = subject; will turn = linking verb; red
= adjective as subject complement. [Will turn is linking because if you
substitute this verb with an equal sign, the sentence still makes sense.]
ATRIBUTE
An attribute of an object usually consists of a name and a value; of an
element, a type or class name; of a file, a name and extension. Each
named attribute has an associated set of rules called operations: one
doesn't add characters or manipulate and process an integer array as
an image object one doesn't process text as type floating point
(decimal numbers).It follows that an object definition can be extended
by imposing data typing: a representation format, a default value, and
legal operations (rules).
THEMATIC ROLES
AGENT
Agent grammar the participant of a situation that carries out the action in
this situation; also the name of the thematic role (also known as the
thematic relation) Agent noun (or nomen agentis), word that is derived
from another word denoting an action, and that identifies an entity that
does that action.
THEME
A theme is the central topic, subject, or concept the author is trying to point
out, not to be confused with whatever message, moral, or commentary it
may send or be interpreted as sending regarding said concept. While the
term "theme" was for a period used to reference "message" or "moral",
literary critics now rarely employ it in this fashion,[citation needed] namely
due to the confusion it causes regarding the common denotation of theme:
"[t]he subject of discourse, discussion, conversation, meditation, or
composition; a topic."[1] One historic problem with the previous usage was
that readers would frequently conflate "subject" and "theme" as similar
concepts.
EXPERIENCER
Definition
Experiencer is the semantic role of an entity (or referent) which receives
accepts experiences, or undergoes the effect of an action.
Discussion
Normally an experiencer is an entity that receives a sensory
impression, or in some other way is the locus of some event or activity
that involves neither volition nor a change of state.
Examples (English)
He was scared.
Lucretia saw the bicycle.
It was Bill who smelled the bacon first.
The explosion was heard by everyone.
BENEFICIARY
Definition
A beneficiary is the semantic role of a referent which is advantaged or
disadvantaged by an event.
Example
John sold the car for a friend.
INSTRUMENT
Definition
Instrument is the semantic role of an inanimate thing that an agent uses to
implement an event. It is the stimulus or immediate physical cause of an event.
Discussion
Instrument words are usually nouns occurring in the noun phrase of a clause:
Someone cut the bread with a knife.
Examples
The cook cut the cake with a knife.
She used a crayon to scribble a note.
That window was broken by a hammer.
Agent:
Patient:
a participant which the verb characterizes as having something happen to it, and
as being affected
by what happens to it. Examples: objects of kill, eat, smash but not those of
watch, hear, love.
Experiencer:
A participant who is characterized as aware of something. Examples: subject
of love, object of annoy.
Theme:
A participant which is characterized as changing its position or condition, or
as being in a state or position. Examples: objects of give, hand, subjects of
walk, die.
Location:
The thematic role associated with the NP expressing the location in a
sentence with a verb of location. Examples: subjects of keep, own, retain,
know, locative PPs.
Source:
Object from which motion proceeds. Examples: subjects of buy, promise,
objects of deprive, free.
TENSES
SIMPLE PRESENT
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is
repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily
event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can
also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a
fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is
not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used
to make generalizations about people or things.
Examples:
I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
The present progressive is formed by combining
the verb "to be" with the present participle. (The
present participle is merely the "-ing" form of a
verb.)
Examples:
I am studying.
I am studying with Mara.
In English, present progressive can be used to
describe what is happening now, or what will
happen in the future.
PRESENT PERFECT
Use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at
an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not
important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with
specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago,
last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that
moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present
Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never,
once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet.
SIMPLE PAST
FORM
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
You called Debbie.
Did you call Debbie?
You did not call Debbie.
SIMPLE FUTURE
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to."
Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they
often express two very different meanings. These different meanings
might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the
differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a
specific time in the future.
FUTURE PERFECT
Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to
have done." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are
usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Perfect with "Will"
[will have + past participle]
Examples:
You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from
the U.S.
Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from
the U.S.?
You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back
from the U.S.
SENTENCE TYPES
DECLARATIVES:
Noun 1. declarative - a mood (grammatically unmarked) that
represents the act or state as an objective fact
common mood, declarative mood, fact mood, indicative, indicative
mood
modality, mood, mode - verb inflections that express how the
action or state is conceived by the speaker
Adj. 1. declarative - relating to the use of or having the nature of a
declaration
asserting, declaratory interrogatory, interrogative - relating to the
use of or having the nature of an interrogation
2. declarative - relating to the mood of verbs that is used simple
in declarative statements; "indicative mood"
indicative
grammar - the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and
morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)
INTERROGATIVES
Interrogatives Definition, examples, sentence structure, and
usage If you listen to an every day conversation, youll notice
the exchange isnt simply statements of facts or ideas. Of
course, these types of statements (called declarative
sentences) are part of the dialogue, but unless the conversation
is entirely one-way, chances are youll also hear requests or
commands (imperative sentences), exclamations (exclamatory
sentences) or questions (interrogative sentences). Thats how
normal dialogue occurs and in order for your writing to be
engaging and interesting, you need to do what comes naturally
in every day language.Sentences that ask a question are called
interrogative sentences. Theyre easy to spot -they always end
with a question mark (?). But its not quite as simple as that. All
interrogative sentences are not the same.
There are 4 types of Interrogative sentences.
1.Yes/No interrogatives
2.Alternative interrogatives.
3.Wh-interrogatives
IMPERATIVES
Imperatives are used for giving orders, encouraging people
to do things, making suggestions and following instructions.
EXCLAMATIVES
Definition: Exclamative sentences are used to make
exclamations. These are also referred to as exclamative
sentences or exclamatives. These are used to express
strong feelings, strong emphasis or emotion.
Exclamative sentence can begin with "what" or "how"
For example
What a naughty dog he is!
What an amazing game that was!
How well everyone played!
FABIOLA BARRETO