2G Training Optimization

BSS Optimisation Workshop
Denpasar Bali
Oct 21-25, 2013
NSN TSEL
Nokia Siemens Networks
Radio Resource Administration

Idle Parameter Optimization
Radio resource Management
Measurement processing
Power Control Parameter
Handover Control parameter
KPI case
2
Radio Resource Administration
Basic TDMA Structure

tim
e
Physical channel
e.g. allocated to one

subscriber with FR voice
and no frequency hopping
6
4
5
TDMA frame
= 8 timeslots
0
6
4
200 kHz
4
( 0.577ms * 8 = 4.615 ms)
2 2 2
TDMA frame
frequency
GSM Channel Organization
Logical Channels
for transport of specific content
mapping
MS
Physical Channels
transport medium
Physical channel parameters
ARFCN
Time slot number
Frequency hopping algorithm
Base Station
Subsystem
Logical Channels
BCH
DL
Common
Channels
DL
UL
CCCH
DL
DCCH
UL/DL
FCCH
Frequency Correction Channel
SCH
Synchronisation Channel
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel
CBCH
Cell Broadcast Channel
PCH
Paging Channel
RACH
Random Access Channel
AGCH
Access Grant Channel
SDCCH
Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel
SACCH
Slow Associated Control Channel
FACCH
Fast Associated Control Channel
FR/HR
Full rate / Halft rate TCH
EFR
Enhanced Full rate TCH
Dedicated
Channels
TCH
UL/DL
AMR FR/HR
Adaptive multirate TCH (FR/HR)
Signalling Channel Mapping

(BCCH +CCCH/9)
Downlink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1
f s
f sf
BCCH
CCCH
Uplink
1
f s
f s
CCCH
CCCH
CCCH
CCCH
51
f s
CCCH
CCCH
CCCH
CCCH
r r r r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r
f = FCCH, s = SCH, r = RACH TDMA frame

- = dummy burst
51

(BCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/C4)
Downlink
1
f s
f sf
BCCH
CCCH
f s
CCCH
51
f s
f s
CCCH
SDCCH 0
SDCCH 2
SDCCH 1
SDCCH 3
SACCH
0/2 SACCH
1/3
Uplink
1
f
rr
SDCCH 3
r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r
SACCH
2/0 SACCH
3/1
51
f
r r
SDCCH 0
SDCCH 1
f = FCCH, s = SCH, r = RACH TDMA frame
- = dummy burst
SDCCH 2
Traffic Channel Mapping

Full Rate Traffic Channel Configuration (UL & DL)
t t t t t t t t t t t t sf t t t t t t t t t tf t t i
1
26
t = full rate TCH, s = SACCH/T, i = idle TDMA frame
Half Rate Traffic Channel Configuration (UL & DL)

t
T
t
T
...
t
T
t
T
s
f
t
T
t
T
t
T
t
T
t
f
t
T
S
26
t = half rate TCH, s = SACCH/T (first user)

T = half rate TCH, S = SACCH/T (second user) TDMA frame

(SDCCH/8 +SACCH/C4)
Downlink
51
i i i
SDCCH 0
SDCCH 6
SDCCH 2
SACCH
SDCCH 4
SACCH
0/4
SDCCH 1
SDCCH 7
SDCCH 3
SACCH 2/6 SACCH
SDCCH 5
1/5
3/7
Uplink
1
f
fi i i
SACCH
SACCH 6/2 SACCH
5/1
7/3
SDCCH 6
SACCH
SDCCH 2
SDCCH 4
SDCCH 0
SDCCH 1
SDCCH 7 4/0
SDCCH 3
SDCCH 5
i = idle TDMA frame
10
51

New improved CCCH features in RG10
BSS20738 CS Paging Coordination in NMO II
BSS21538 Extended CCCH
Extended CCCH can be allocated to timeslot 2,4,6
BSS101411 Extended BCCH

For example Uncombined BCCH
11
Channel Mapping
Parameter Setting
MO Class TR/RTSL
Parameter channelxType (CHx) where x = 07
Channel configuration defined by parameter channelType
TCHF (0)
TCHH (1)
TCHD (2)
SDCCH (3)
MBCCH (4)
MBCCHC (5)
MBCCB (7)
SDCCB (8)
NOTUSED (9)
ERACH (10)
EGTCH (14)
LRTCH (15)
= full rate traffic channel

= half rate traffic channel
= dual rate traffic channel
= standalone (SDCCH/8)
= broadcast control channel
= BCCH + SDCCH/4
= BCCH + SDCCH/3 with CBCH
= SDCCH/7 with CBCH
= timeslot has no radio definition or Abis allocation
= random access channel of extended area
= EGPRS packed data traffic channel for extended area
= long reach traffic channel
Note:
Some values not allowed in certain tsl (e.g. TSL0
cant have value 8)
PBCCH is not supported in S13 and onwards
12
Paging Channel (PCH) Parameters

Mobile terminating call -> MSC performs paging
MS identifies paging message with the IMSI/TMSI
MS listens to own paging group only
SEG-BTS parameters
MO
Class
BTS
Abbreviated
Name
Range
And Step
noOfMFramesB
etweenPaging
2...9, step
1
Description
Default
value
Defines the number of multiframes between

two transmissions of the same paging
message to the MSs of the same paging
group.
BSC - MML
Name
MFR
MSC parameters
Repaging Interval (INT)
0.5s10s
Repaging Attempts (AT)
05
Time between consecutive paging

attempts
Number of paging repetitions
Buffering
BTS stores up to 8 paging messages of the MSC in page group buffer
BTS sends paging messages to MS according noOfMultiframesBetweenPaging
13
RACH Parameters
Mobile sends channel requests to BTS separated by random time intervals in case of no answer!
Parameters
MO
Class
Abbreviated
Name
Range And Step
Description
Default
value
BTS
maxNumberRetra
nsmission
1,2,4,7
Maximum number of retransmissions on the RACH

that the MS can perform.
RET
BTS
nbrOfSlotsSpread
Trans
MML Range:
3..12, 14, 16, 20,
25, 32, 50
The number of TDMA frames over which

retransmission is spread on the RACH (random
access channel)
10
SLO
Random time interval between consecutive retransmissions

t = S + random [0,.. numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans 1] RACH slots
S depends on
numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans
signalling channel mapping (CCCH + SDCCH combined or not in one multi frame)
numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans = 10
signalling channel mapping = not combined S
= 58
Therefore t = 58..to..67 RACH slots
time
14
BSC - MML
Name
channel requests
AGCH Parameters
Network gives the MS dedicated resources
Downlink CCCH blocks
PCH can be used for AGCH messages
AGCH cannot be used for PCH messages
Reservation of CCCH blocks for AGCH
noOfBlocksForAccessGrant (AG)
0..7
possible number, if CCCH and SDCCH are not combined
1..7
possible number, if CBCH is used in non combined
configuration
0..2
possible number, if CCCH and SDCCH are combined
Preference of AGCH messages on PCH

noOfBlocksForAccessGrant
0
=0
PCH can be used only, if no paging messages have to be

send
AGCH messages have higher priority than PCH ones
Number of paging groups

N = (number of CCCH blocks noOfBlocksForAccessGrant) * noOfMultiframesBetweenPaging
15
Paging Capacity
Example
Combined CCCH / SDCCH configuration

noOfBlocksForAccessGrant = 1
BTS
3 MS
2 CCCH blocks for PCH

Paging_Request
3 MSs paged per paging message

2 blocks per multi frame
3 pages per block

3 * 2 = 6 pages per multiframe
Number of pages per hour
3600 s / 0.235 s * 6 = 91915
Avg of 2 pages required per MS

hour
91915 / 2 = 45957 MSs per
16
BTS
3 MS
Paging_Request
SDCCH Signalling Capacity
Example with call Establishment & Location Update
Cell with 325 subscribers

1 call per subscriber once in a hour
1 location update (LU) per subscriber once in 2 hours
Duration of call assignment = 4 s
325 subscribers
4 s / 3600 s = 1.11 mErl on SDCCH per subscriber

325 * 1.11 mErl = 0.3607 Erl on SDCCH
Reservation time for LU = 5s

325 subscribers
5 s / 7200 s = 0.69 mErl on SDCCH per subscriber

0.2242 Erl on SDCCH
Total SDCCH traffic

Blocking probability = 1%
0.3607 Erl + 0.2242 Erl = 0.5849 Erl

4 SDCCHs required SDCCH combined with
CCCH can be used (MBCCHC)
17
SDCCH Signalling Capacity

Example including SMS
Same cell with 325 subscribers

Additional SMS traffic of 1 mErl per subscriber
325 subscribers
325 * 1 mErl = 0.325 Erl on SDCCH
Total SDCCH traffic

Blocking probability = 1%
0.5849 + 0.325 Erl = 0.9099 Erl

5 SDCCHs required not combined with
CCCH (MBCCH)
18
Base Station Identity Code

Base Station Identity Code BSIC = Network Colour Code NCC + Base Station Colour Code BCC
bsIdentityCode
Setting of BSIC
NCC
BCC
0..7, distinguishes between PLMNs

0..7, distinguishes between clusters
BSIC + frequency channel unique identity of adjacent cell
f1
bcc = 1
f1
bcc = 2
f2
f3
f1
bcc = 3
19
Defining Frequency carrier number

Example: GSM 900
Absolute radio frequency carrier number ARFCN
890
915
1
123 124
935
960
1
123 124
duplex distance
200 kHz
uplink direction
20
downlink direction
Frequency Reuse
Frequency to be used by TRX (must be unique within a BTS)
initialFrequency (FREQ)
GSM 800:
GSM 900:
GSM 1800:
GSM 1900:
11023
Setting of ARFCNs
128 .. 251
1..124 and 975..1023, 0
512..885
512..810
f2
f1
f5
f3
f2
f4
f7
f6
f1
f5
f6
f2
f1
f5
f3
f6
21
f3
f4
f7
f4
f7
Principle of Frequency Hopping
Frequency hopping techniques

hoppingMode (HOP)
Frequency
BB,RF,N
BB = base band hopping (1)
RF = RF hopping (2)
N = no frequency hopping at all (0)
Call is transmitted through several frequencies to

average the interference (interference diversity)
minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)
F1
F2
F3
Time
22
Base Band Hopping
TRXs do not hop

Physical channels moved from one TRX to another
Hopping sequence
hoppingSequenceNumber (HSN)
0..63
0 = cyclic hopping
1..63 = pseudorandom hopping
Baseband Hopping
0
TRX 1
BC
CH
Timeslot
f1
TRX 2
f2
TRX 3
f3
TRX 4
f4
23
HSN1 (BB hopping group 1 and RF hopping)

Timeslot 0 hops over TRXs 2-4 only
BCCH does not hop
HSN2 (BB hopping group 2)
Timeslots 1-7 hop over all TRXs
RF Hopping
Standard technique
All TRXs hop except TRX1 (provides BCCH)

Up to 63 frequencies available defined by mobile allocation list -> better hopping gain
mobileAllocationList
usedMobileAllocation (MAL) 0,1...2000
0
TRX 1
BC
CH
Setting of ARFCN values

0 = BTS detached from any list
1..2000 = indicates list which shall be used
Timeslot
f1 no hopping
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
24
f2,f3..fn hopping according

mobile allocation list
One hopping sequence
number only
RF Hopping
Freeform Hopping
Standard technique
9 hopping hopping frequencies MAI = 0..8
But 3 frequencies available for every TRX only
Freeform hopping
For every sector same
mobile allocation list
hopping sequence number
frame number (frame synchronization)
For every sector different
starting points for hopping sequence
possible by mobile allocation index offset
maioOffset (MO)
setting of MAIO
9 hopping hopping frequencies MAI = 0..8
9 frequencies available for every TRX
25
0..62
RF Hopping
Flexible MAIO Management
Freeform hopping
Not adequate for MA list with consecutive ARFCN
values
Avoids co-channel interference but not adjacent
channel interference
Flexible MAIO management
MAIO increases with constant step size from one TRX
to the next one
maioStep (MS) 1..62
maioOffset = 0, 6, 12 for sector 1, 2, 3
maioStep = 2
18 frequencies required (2 * number of hopping TRXs)
26
RF Hopping (Tight Frequency Reuse)
Flexible MAIO management

MAIO Offset + MAIO Step
Freeform hopping
MAIO Offset
Band allocation:
Band allocation:
BCCH
BCCH
MA list
Non-adjacent ARFCN
MA
MAlist
listand
andBCCH
BCCHfrequency
frequencyplanning
planningrequired
required
27
MA list
Consecutive ARFCN
Only
OnlyBCCH
BCCHfrequency
frequencyplanning
planningrequired
required
Changing Frequency Plan
Plan downloaded to BSC/BTSs via MML or GUI

File-based plan provisioning
Immediate Plan activation method
BSIC / TSC
Frequencies
Frequency hopping setting
Intelligent underlay overlay TRX settings
28
Idle Mode Operation
29
IIdle Mode Operation

When?
When the MS is switched ON
When there is no dedicated connection
MS switched ON
Why?
To camp on the best suitable cell
Search RF channels
to find BCCH carrier
Why to camp on a specific cell?

For MS to receive system info from the NW on DL
For MS to be able to initiate a call whenever needed
For the NW to be able to locate the MS when there is a
MT call/SMS
Idle Mode Tasks

PLMN selection
Cell selection & re-selection
Location updates
30
Check that the PLMN

& cell is allowed
MS camps on
the best
suitable cell
See slide 10 for detail
IDs and ID Codes

Value
Parameter
LAI (locationAreaId)
MCC (Mobile Country Code)
MNC (Mobile Network Code)
LAC (Location Area Code)
0 999
0 99,
0 999 (optional 3-digit MNC)
1 65533
BSIC (bsIdentityCode)
NCC (Network Colour Code)
BCC (BTS Colour Code)
31
07
07
CI (cell-ID
0 65535
TSC (trainingSequenceCode)
07
CGI (Cell Global Identity)
MCC + MNC + LAC + CI
States and State Transition for Cell Selection

go here whenever a
new PLMN is selected
2
no BA list stored
for PLMN
no suitable cell found
Normal
cell selection
no suitable
cell found
suitable cell found
Choose cell
return
to idle
mode
Connected
mode
no
suitable
cell
found
32
BA list stored
for PLMN
suitable cell found
leave
idle
mode
Stored list
cell selection
suitable cell found
trigger
Normal
cell re-selection
Camped
normally
Suitable cell
re-selected
no suitable
cell found
IMSI unknown
Illegal MS
PLMN not allowed
2
(adopted from TS 43.022 V5.1.0 chap. 6
States and State Transition for Cell Selection
go here when no SIM in MS
no suitable
cell found
Choose cell
return
to idle
mode
Connected mode
(emergency call
only)
Any cell
selection
SIM inserted in MS
no suitable
cell found
cell found
suitable cell found
leave
idle
mode
Camped
on
any cell
trigger
cell
re-selected
Any
cell reselection
cell found
on selected
PLMN
(adopted from TS 43.022 V5.1

33
Normal Cell Selection

Search all the RF channels, take samples during
3-5 s and calculate averages. And put them in
ascending order with respect to signal level.
Then tune to the strongest RF channel.
Search for the frequency correction burst in that

carrier in order to verify if it is a BCCH carrier
No
Is it a BCCH
carrier?
Yes
Try to synchronize to the carrier and read

the BCCH data
No
Is it a correct
PLMN ?
Yes
Yes
Is the cell barred?

No
Is C1>0
Yes
Camp on the cell
34
No
Tune to the next highest

RF channel which is not
tried before
Pathloss Criterion C1 for Cell Selection

and Reselection
0..63
0..31
C1 = A max(B,0)
= RLA_C RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN max(MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH P , 0)
RLA_C = avg received RxLev on BCCH
P = MS max output power
I am
outside
I am inside, but
have not enough
power
35
,
(B
x
ma
0)
Cell Selection with C1

In case the neighbouring cells belong to different Location Area, a hysteresis is applied
with C1 criteria
minimizing ping-pong cell reselections
cellReselectHysteresis (HYS)(BTS) (014 dB)
Cell1
Cell2
LAC1
LAC2
C1 ( Cell1)
C1 (Cell2)
A= 4 dB
B= 6 dB
C= 8 dB
36
Pathloss Criterion C2
0, 10, 20, 30, 40,
50, 60, dB
0 .. 126 dB
step size: 2 dB
C2 =
20 .. 640 s
step size: 20 s
C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET (TEMPORARY OFFSET * H(PENALTY_TIME - T))

for PENALTY_TIME 640 s
< C1 if temporary offset big
for PENALTY_TIME = 640 s
C2
no TEMPORARY OFFSET
C1
serving cell:
C2:
List of 6
strongest
carriers:
C2:
C2:
C2:
C2:
C2:
C2:
new candidate
= former serving
cell
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
T
C2
C1
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
new candidate
= formerly nonserving cell
TEMPORARY OFFSET
PENALTY_TIME
37
Cell Reselection Based on Pathloss

Criterion C2
C2
cell 1
cell reselection &

location update
cell
reselection
cell 3
cell 2
CELL_RESELECT_
HYSTERESIS (HYS)
5 seconds
LAC = A
38
time
5 seconds
LAC = B
Cell Reselection Based on Pathloss

Criterion C2
Road
Macro 900 "C"
C1
Micro 900 "D"
Macro 1800 "B"
C2
Macro 900 "A"
Parameters
=30
Cell "A" (Serving Cell)
=25
Cell "B"
=5
Cell "C"
=50
Cell "D"
C2 = C1 + cellReselectOffset temporaryOffset*H(penaltyTime-T)
=30 + 0 (H(x)=0, serving cell)
Cell "A"
=25 + 20 - 30*H(20 - T)
Cell "B"
=5 + 0 - 0*H(20 - T)
Cell "C"
=50 + 0 - 30*H(40 - T)
Cell "D"
Cell "A"
Cell "B"
Cell "C"
Cell "D"
cellReselectOffset
0 dB
20 dB
0 dB
0 dB
temporaryOffset
0 dB
30 dB
0 dB
30 dB
penaltyTime
20 s
20 s
20 s
40 s
Time T: (0 - 19 s)
Time T: (20 - 39 s)
Time T: (> 40 s)
C2 =30
Cell "A"
C2 =30
Cell "A"
C2 =30
Cell "A"
C2 =15
Cell "B"
C2 =45
Cell "B"
C2 =45
Cell "B"
C2 =5
Cell "C"
C2 =5
Cell "C"
C2 =5
Cell "C"
C2 =20
Cell "D"
C2 =20
Cell "D"
C2 =50
Cell "D"
39
Cell Reselection Events

Authentication Failure
notification by upper layers
C1 0 for a period of 5 s
Cell has been barred

neighbours C2 value >
current cells C2 value (same LA)
neighbours C2 value >
current cells C2 value + HYS
(new LA)
for a period of 5 s.
CELL_BAR_ACCESS & CELL_BAR_QUALIFY
RACH Failure
MAX RETRANS + 1 times
Downlink Signalling Failure
DSC 0
When shall I
select a new cell?
40
DL Signalling Failure
BCC H
90
BS_PA_MFRMS
DSCinit := round
(...
FRMS
M
_
A
,BS_P
,.. . )
MS
DSC := DSCinit
BTS
2..9 multiframe periods
yes
paging
message successfully
decoded?
no
DSC := DSC - 4
DSC := min (DSC+1, DSCinit)
no
DSC 0
yes
DSC = Downlink Signalling failure Counter
41
Downlink radio link

failure detected!
Cell
Update
Location Update Procedure

MS
BSS
MSC
VLR
HLR
LOCATION UPDATE REQUEST
REQUEST SUBSCRIBER ID
SEND SUBSCRIBER ID
REQUEST SUBSCRIBER INFO
SEND SUBSCRIBER INFO

AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
ALL OK - HLR UPDATE
42
Trade-off between Location Update and

Paging Traffic
signalling
traffic
function of user density,

cell size, call arrival rate ...
function of
user mobility
Paging
LocUp
optimum number
of cells in Loc. area
43
# of cells in Loc. area
Location Updates
MS location & status flag => MSC / VLR
Mobile Station switched ON mode
IMSI Attach / Detach

Same Location Area => No Location Update
Different Location Area => Location Update
Change of the Location Area
Location Area under the same MSC / VLR

Location Area under another MSC / VLR => HLR will be updated
Service is rejected (MS unknown in VLR)

Time-Periodic LU (MS -> MSC/VLR)
44
MO
Class
Abbreviated
Name
Range And
Step
BTS
allowIMSIAtt
achDetach
Yes/No
Defines whether IMSI attach/detach is used in the cell.
Yes
ATT
BTS
timerPeriodic
UpdateMs
0...25.5 h,
step 0.1 h
Defines the interval between periodic MS location

updates.
The value 0 means that the periodic location update is
not used.
0.5 h
PER
Description
Default
value
BSC MML
Name
IDLE MODE OPERATION

Idle Mode Controls
Parameter
45
Value
rxLevAccessMin
-110 ... -47 (dBm)
msTxPwrMaxCCH
13 ... 43
notAllowedAccessClasses
0 ... 9, 11 ... 15
emergencyCallRestricted
Yes/No
msMaxDistanceInCallSetup
0 ... 255
radiusExtension
0 ... 67 (Km)
cellBarred
Yes/No
plmn-permitted
0 ... 7
cellReselectHysteresis
0 ... 14
cellReselectOffset (REO)
0 ... 126
cell reselection parameter index (PI)
(N/Y)
(dBm)
Access
Parameters
Mobility
Parameters
(dB)
(dB)
IDLE MODE OPERATION

Idle Mode Controls definitions
RxLevAccessmin :
With this parameter you define the minimum power level an MS has to receive before it is allowed to access the cell.
MsTxPwrMaxCCH :
With this parameter you define the maximum transmission power an MS may use when accessing a CCH in the cell.
notAllowedAccessClasses
With this parameter you define the MS access classes that are not allowed to access a cell.
Emergency Call Restricted
With this parameter you define if an emergency call in the cell is allowed to all MSs or only to the MSs which belong to
one of the classes between 11 to 15. Value Y means the latter case.
MsMaxDistancein CallSetup
With this parameter you define the maximum distance between the BTS and the MS in call setup. The maximum distance
is expressed as an access delay. Within the range of 0...62, one step correlates to a distance of 550 meters. If the access
delay of the channel request message exceeds the given maximum, the call attempt is rejected. When the parameter is
given a value from 63 to 255, call attempts are never rejected
radiusExtention
With this parameter you define the radius extension of an extended cell
46
Radio Resource management
47
Signalling (Mobile Originating Call)

MS
Channel request (RACH)
NETWORK
Immediate assignment (AGCH)
Immediate assignment
Service request (SDCCH)

Service request
Authentication request (SDCCH)
Idle
parameter
Authentication response (SDCCH)
Authentication
Ciphering mode command (SDCCH)

Ciphering mode complete (SDCCH)
Ciphering mode setting
Setup (SDCCH)
Call proceeding (SDCCH)
Call initiation
Assignment command (SDCCH)

Assignment complete (FACCH)
Assignment of traffic channel
Alert (FACCH)
Dedicated
parameter
48
Call confirmation
Connect (FACCH)
Connect acknowledged (FACCH)
Call accepted
Signalling (Mobile Terminating Call)

MS
Page request (PCH)
NETWORK
Channel request (RACH)
Immediate assignment
Immediate assignment (AGCH)

Page response (SDCCH)
Service request
Idle
parameter
Authentication request (SDCCH)

Authentication response (SDCCH)
Authentication
Ciphering mode command (SDCCH)

Ciphering mode complete (SDCCH)
Ciphering mode setting
Setup (SDCCH)
Call confirmation (SDCCH)
Call initiation
Assignment command (SDCCH)

Assignment complete (FACCH)
Assignment of traffic channel
Alert (FACCH)
Dedicated
parameter
49
Call confirmation
Connect (FACCH)
Connect acknowledged (FACCH)
Call accepted
Signalling (Call Release)

Network initiated
MS
Disconnect
NETWORK
Release
Call clearing
Release complete
Channel release
Release
MS initiated
MS
Disconnect
NETWORK
Release
Call clearing
Release complete
Channel release
Release
50
Standard TCH Allocation (General Criteria)
MS capabilities
Channel rate
: full, half, dual, multi rate
Speech codecs : normal FR, normal HR, EFR, AMR FR, AMR HR, doubleHR(OSC)
MSC demands
A interface circuit allocated for call
BTS demands
Speech codec capabilities
TCH configuration
Current resources
Homogeneous use of TRXs and radio time slots
Large free groups of radio time slots for high loaded HSCSD BTS
51
TCH Allocation
How can be optimized?

52
Channel allocation ( For each TS)

Each
EachTRX
TRXhave
haveits
itsown
ownQuality
Qualityboth
bothDL
DLand
andUL
ULand
andTRX
TRXwith
withbad
badquality
quality
(UL
and
DL)
will
result
bad
KPI
on
respective
TRX
(UL and DL) will result bad KPI on respective TRX
Placing each Time Slot (BCCH, SDCCH, TCH and PDTCH) properly will result
good KPI (SDSR, DCR, HOSR TBF Completion rate)
Shitting
ShittingSDCCH,
SDCCH,BCCH
BCCHcan
canimprove
improveSDSR
SDSRand
andDCR
DCR
53
Standard TCH Allocation

(Interference Bands)
Measurement of uplink receive level on idle channels = uplink interference
Averaging over interferenceAveragingProcessAverPeriod (AP) = 1..32 SACCH

periods
Classification into interference bands based on interferenceAveragingProcess
(BO1..BO4) = -110..-47 dBm
BSC tries to allocate TCH from best interference band (can be requested by MSC)
If not available,
BSC tries to take TCH from next band
BO5 47 (fixed)
BO4 -90
BO3 -95
BO2 -100
BO1 -105
BO0 110 (fixed)
54
rxLevUL = -75 dBm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Prioritized TCH Allocation (TRP)

Whole band , 50 channels 1 ch=200kHz
Case1
Case2
BCCH, 30 channels
TCH, 20 channels
All 50 channels for BCCH and TCH
Priority for TCH from BCCH TRX

BCCH transmitted permanently -> no additional interference in network
Planned to be least interfered channels
Priority for TCH from other TRX
BCCH TRX does not hop in case of RF hopping -> hopping gain only for other TRX
Parameter
trxPriorityInTCHAlloc (TRP)
55
0 = no priority
1 = priority for BCCH TRX
2 = priority for other TRX
3 = priority for BCCH TRX for non-AMR users,
priority for other TRX for AMR users
RX level based TCH Allocation (RXP)

Enables to differentiate Rx level requirement for:
MS camping to the network /RxLev Access Min
MS accessing to TCH /RX level based TCH access
RX level based TCH allocation method
RX Level measured by the MS is used to determine whether the BTS is
acceptable for TCH allocation
TCH allocation for emergency calls is not restricted due to low RX level
Provides better drop call meters and better performance of MSs
MSs having too low Rx levels are not allowed to camp the network
By separating camping and TCH access thresholds the operator will be able to
provide the maximum camping footprint
Note! RG20 feature Energy optimized TCH allocation
56
RX level based TCH Allocation (RXTA)

Allows to define minimum C/N ratios separately for each call type (AMR FR, AMR HR, EFR/FR, HR
and 14.4 data)
Parameter values RX level based TCH access:
0: RX level based TCH access is not used (C/N definitions not in use)
1: RX level based TCH access is used in call setup
2: RX level based TCH access is used in call setup and in handovers
Downlink RX Level
-> TCH Access
57
Soft blocking C/N FR: 063dB/ def: 12dB

Soft blocking C/N FR: 063dB/ def: 12dB
Soft Blocking C/N HR: 063dB/ def: 14dB
Soft Blocking C/N HR: 063dB/ def: 14dB
Soft blocking C/N AMR FR: 063dB/ def: 7dB
Soft blocking C/N AMR FR: 063dB/ def: 7dB
Soft blocking C/N AMR HR: 063dB/ def: 12dB
Soft blocking C/N AMR HR: 063dB/ def: 12dB
Soft blocking C/N 14.4 : 063dB/ def: 14dB
Soft blocking C/N 14.4 : 063dB/ def: 14dB
Queuing (Parameters)
Priorities
No TCH available for call set up / handover -> request put into queue
Different kinds of requests can have different priorities
queuePriorityUsed (QPU)
Y/N
enables use of priorities
queueingPriorityCall (QPC)
queuePriorityNonUrgentHo (QPN)
budget,
1..14
1..14
priority for call set up request

priority for non urgent handover (power
queueingPriorityHandover (QPH)
1..14
umbrella, slow moving MS, traffic reason)

request
priority for urgent handover (all other) request
Queue length and time
58
maxQueueLength (MQL)
BTS timeLimitCall (TLC)
0..100%
0..15 s
timeLimitHandover (TLH)
0..10 s
percentage of number of TCHs handled by

time a call set up request is kept in the queue
0 = queuing is disabled
time a handover request is kept in the queue
0 = queuing is disabled
Queuing (Entering the Queue)
Conditions
Timers set to values > 0
User of priorities enabled
Queue not full with requests of equal or higher priority than the current one
Queuing of call set up requests
Reservation of SDCCH resources
-> SDCCH easily overbooked
-> blocking of services like SMS or location update
59
Queuing (Handover)
Handover request queued by target BTS
Handover timers hoPeriodPBGT and hoPeriodUmbrella stopped

Measurement processing and averaging continues as usual
Intra BSC handover
Queuing possibility checked for all

possible target cells
Order
according conventional ranking
60
Inter BSC handover
Target BTS given by MSC by

handover request message
Queuing (Leaving the Queue)
With TCH allocation

Release of busy TCH
Check of queue from top to bottom for best matching request
If TCH allocation possible, request removed from queue
Without TCH allocation
Queuing timer expires
Request of higher priority enters full queue
61
Queuing (Together with Directed Retry)
Directed Retry Timer maxTimeLimitDirectedRetry expires

call cleared, even if still in queue
Queuing timer expires
target cell evaluation continues, if directed retry timer is still running
62
Dropped Call Control

Radio Link Timeout
BTS does not receive measurement report on

SACCH for running call for the first time
Counter initialised with value of radioLinkTimeout

(4,8,..64 SACCH periods)
SACCH not received again
SACCH received again
Counter decremented by 1
Counter incremented by 2
(but not beyond initial value)
Counter has value 0
Call release due to radio link

time out
63
Example: short tunnel

Radio Link Timeout
RLT is based on SACCH deletion but SACCH is though not using a dynamic
64
codec like voice in AMR, which means:

Using the EFR RLT value an AMR customer can have the call dropped
because RLT = 0 when still the FER is good
RLT is not anymore reliable with the same value in AMR than in EFR
Due to the fact that the FER performance is different when comparing AMR
calls to EFR calls, the Radio Link Timeout need to be defined separately for
AMR
The Radio Link Timeout parameters for AMR are ARLT and AHRLT. The
principle of these is the same than in the RLT but it is used only for the AMR
capable mobile stations. ARLT & AHRLT are not supported in Talk Family
base stations.

Call Reestablishment
Radio link timeout occurs

callReestablishmentAllowed (RE)
set to Y
Receive level of BCCH measured for serving and adjacent cell

Averaged over 5 s
Strongest cell considered
Example: long tunnel
BCCH decoded
C1 cell selection criterion fulfilled
Cell not barred
Cell belongs to selected PLMN
Attempt to re-establish call
Successful within 20s *

call re-established
65
Not successful within 20s *

call released
* MAX WAIT TIME OF RE-ESTAB REQ is a modifiable timer in MSC
NPT parameter related (Idle Parameter)
66
Measurement Processing
67
Introduction
Measurement
Report
Measurements
Standard
Enhanced
Idle mode
Dedicated mode
Rx level
Rx quality
Level & BSIC of up
to 6 neighbours
3G cells
Standard + following:
DL frame erasure rate
DTX bit error probability
Real time difference serving
adjacent cell
3G cells
Control over reporting priority
MS listens
to BCCH
MS sends DL
measurement report on
SACCH
BTS performs UL
measurements
68
Introduction
Measurement
Report
Measurements
Standard
Enhanced
Idle mode
Dedicated mode
Rx level
Rx quality
Level & BSIC of up
to 6 neighbours
3G cells
Standard + following:
DL frame erasure rate
DTX bit error probability
Real time difference serving
adjacent cell
3G cells
Control over reporting priority
MS listens
to BCCH
MS sends DL
measurement report on
SACCH
BTS performs UL
measurements
69
Coding of Rx Level
P (dBm)
No offset
P (dBm)
10 dB offset
-110
-109
-108
.
.
.
-49
-48
-47
-100
-99
-98
.
.
.
-39
-38
-37
LEV
0
1
2
.
.
.
61
62
63
Activation of offset to code high levels

scaleOrd (SCO)(SEG)(0,1,2)(0)
0 = no offset used
1 = offset used in general
2 = MS decides automatically about offset
70
Coding of Rx Quality
BER (%)
BER (%)
RANGE
< 0.2
0.2-0.4
0.4-0.8
0.8-1.6
1.6-3.2
3.2-6.4
6.4-12.8
> 12.8
MEAN
0.14
0.28
0.57
1.13
2.26
4.53
9.05
18.1
QUAL
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Average window = 4
Quality samples 0,0,7,0
WRONG!!: (0+0+7+0)/4
= 1.75 (wrong!!)
RIGHT: (0.14+0.14.+18.1+0.14)/4 = 4.63 (right!!) => corresponds to Qual5
71
Mapping of BEP to RX Quality
72
BEP
BER (%)
QUAL
VALUE
22..31
19..21
16..18
13..15
10..12
7..9
4..6
0..3
RANGE
< 0.2
0.2-0.4
0.4-0.8
0.8-1.6
1.6-3.2
3.2-6.3
6.3-12.6
> 12.6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mapping of FER to RX Quality
X axis: frame erasure rate (< 1%, 1-5 %, 5-10 %, 10-15 %, > 15 %)
Y axis: RX quality (0..7)
Z axis: Percentage of measurements for each FER category
Frame Erasure Rate for Handover / Power Control Decision
fepInPcHoUse (FPHO)(BSC)(Y,N)(N)
73
MS Measurement Execution
Idle Mode
Decoding of BCCH
for serving (camped) cell every 30 s
for adjacent cells every 5 min
Pre-synchronization and decoding of BSIC
for adjacent cells every 30 s
Adjacent cell list
Updating every 60 s
BCCH decoding of new cell in 30 s
74
MS Measurement Execution
Dedicated Mode I
SACCH PERIOD = 480 ms

26 FRAME MULTIFRAME = 120 ms
TDMA FRAMES
TDMA FRAMES
4.615 ms
RX
TX
MEAS RX
TCH
MEAS
TX
RX
TX
MEAS
BSIC decoding for at least one adjacent cell

Pre-synchronization on SCH
Measures frequencies of adjacent cells
Measures RX level and quality for serving cell
Detects whether DTX is used
75
SACCH
IDLE
Power Control
76
Power Control Motivation
Reduced
interference on
DL/UL
Longer service time of battery
Realization of power class
Supported by default on UL
Activation of DL power control
powerCtrlEnabled (PENA)
Power control independent

for DL and UL
for each call
77
Y,N
Power Control Parameter

Output Power Limits
Maximum MS output power

Power
class
dependent
range
Power Values
msTxPwrMaxGSM
(PMAX1)
msTxPwrMaxGSM1x00
TCH (PMAX2)
msTxPwrMaxCCH
(TXP1)
msTxPwrMaxCCH1x00
(TXP2)
5..39 dBm GSM 900 TCH

0..36/32,33 dBm GSM 1800/1900
5..39 dBm GSM 900 CCH
Minimum MS output power

minMSTxPower (PMIN)
5..39 dBm GSM 900

0..36 dBm GSM 1800
0..32 dBm GSM 1900
Maximum BTS output power (by minimum attenuation)

Attenuations
30 dB
Range
bsTxPwrMax (PMAX1)
bsTxPwrMax1x00 (PMAX2)
Minimum MS output power (by maximum attenuation)

bsTxPowerMin
78
0..30 dB GSM 900

0..30 dB GSM 1800/1900
0..30 dB
Power Control Parameters

Power Change Step Sizes
Desired power level can be achieved in 1 or 2 commands
Yes
No
Fixed step size
Variable step size
Fixed increment step size

pcIncrStepSize (INC)
2,4,6 dB
Fixed decrement step size

pcRedStepSize (RED) 2,4,6 dB
79
Power Control Strategy

Measurement Averaging
POWER CONTROL
UPLINK
UL Quality
<Av_RXQUAL_UL>
UL Level
<Av_RXLEV_UL>
DL Quality
<Av_RXQUAL_DL>
DL Level
<Av_RXLEV_DL>
THRESHOLD
COMPARISON
POWER CONTROL
DOWNLINK
Power control interval

powerCtrlInterval (INT)
80
0..31 s

Triggering
Nx samples
Less than Px samples exceed threshold
No power change triggered
Actual average samples
threshold
Nx samples
Px samples are equal to or exceed threshold
Power change triggered
Signal level thresholds

pcUpperThresholdLevelDL/UL (UDR/UUR) -110..-47 dBm
pcLowerThresholdLevelDL/UL (LDR/LUR) -110..-47 dBm
Power change step size estimation
Signal quality thresholds

pcUpperThresholdQualDL/UL (UDR/UUR)
pcLowerThresholdQualDL/UL (LDR/LUR)
0..7
0..7
Number of average samples (for each threshold)

Nx
Px
81
1..32
1..32

Scenarios
82
Exceeded threshold
Action
Reason
pcUpperThresholdLevelDL
pcLowerThresholdLevelDL
pcUpperThresholdLevelUL
pcLowerThresholdLevelUL
BTS power decrease

BTS power increase
MS power decrease
MS power increase
Signal level
Signal level
Signal level
Signal level
pcUpperThresholdQualDL
pcLowerThresholdQualDL
pcUpperThresholdQualUL
pcLowerThresholdQualUL
BTS power decrease

BTS power increase
MS power decrease
MS power increase
Signal quality
Signal quality
Signal quality
Signal quality
AMR Power Control
AMR FR
AMR HR
Details in chapter on AMR
83
POC
-110 dB
Lower
Level
Upper
Level
-47 dB
Qual 0
Signal level
Ping Decrease due to good quality
pong
effect
Upper
Quality
Lower
Quality
Increase
due to bad
Signal level
No action
Decrease
Due to good
Signal level
Increase due to Bad quality

Qual 7
Quality
84
POC
-110 dB
Lower
Level
Upper
Level
-47 dB
Qual 0
Signal level
6dB
Decrease due to quality
Upper
Quality
Increase
due to level
No action
Decrease
Due to level
Lower
Quality
Increase due to quality
Qual 7
Quality
85
POC and HOC (UL)

UL Level HO
-110 dB Threshold
Qual 0
Signal level
No action
UL Quality HO
Threshold
Qual 7
Quality
86
-47 dB
When UL quality HO is triggered

Should MS be sent full power?
What about UL level
Power Control Summary

-110 dBm
Upper Level
Lower Level
Qual 0
Power increase
due to level
6 dB
Power decrease
due to quality
Power decrease
due to level
or quality
Upper Quality
Power increase
due to level
No action
Power decrease
due to level
Lower Quality
Power increase
due to level
or quality
Qual 7
87
Power increase
due to quality
Power increase
due to quality
-47 dBm
Power Increase Due to Signal Level

For MS & BTS
Actual receive level RXLEV_DL/UL
pcLowerThresholdsLevelDL/UL
Power control triggered

UL: Power increase of MS
DL: Power increase of BTS
RXLEV_DL/UL > pcLowerThresholdLevelDL/UL - 2 powerIncrStepSize
Yes
88
No
Fixed step size
Variable step size
PWR_INCR_STEP = powerIncrStepSize
PWR_INCR_STEP = pcLowerThresholdLevelDL/UL
RXLEV_UL/DL
Power Decrease Due to Signal Level

For BTS
pcUpperThresholdsLevelDL
Actual received level RXLEV_DL

Power decrease
RXLEV_DL < pcUpperThresholdLevelDL + 2 powerDecrStepSize OR

variableDLStepUse (VDLS) = No
Yes
No
Fixed step size
Variable step size
PWR_DECR_STEP = powerDecrStepSize
PWR_DECR_STEP = Min (RXLEV_DL

pcUpperThresholdLevelDL, 10)
89
Power Decrease Due to Signal Level

For MS
pcUpperThresholdsLevelUL
Actual received level RXLEV_UL

Power decrease
RXLEV_UL < pcUpperThresholdLevelUL + 2 powerDecrStepSize
Yes
90
No
Fixed step size
Variable step size
PWR_DECR_STEP = powerDecrStepSize
PWR_DECR_STEP = RXLEV_UL
pcUpperThresholdLevelUL
Power Increase Due to Signal Quality

For MS & BTS
Actual receive quality RXQUAL_DL/UL
pcLowerThresholdsQualDL/UL

UL: Power increase of MS
DL: Power increase of BTS
Variable step size based on actual quality

PWR_INCR_STEP = (1 + Max (0,QUAL)) * powerIncrStepSize
QUAL = RXQUAL_DL/UL pcLowerThresholdQualDL/UL
Take largest step size
Step size based on actual level
Take algorithm for power increase due to signal level
91
Power Decrease Due to Signal Quality

For MS & BTS with No Power Optimization
pcUpperThresholdsQualDL/UL
Actual received quality RXQUAL_DL/UL

Actual RXLEV_DL/UL pcLowerThresholdLevelDL/UL < 6 dB
Yes
92
No
No power decrease
Power decrease
Avoid ping pong effect
Take algorithm for power decrease due to signal level

(different for MS & BTS power decrease)
NPT parameter related (POC Parameter)
Should be greater
than HOC
93
Handover Control
94
Handover Types
Germany
Czech Republic
Intra PLMN
Simple Cell ID required
LAC + CI
Intra cell
Only other carrier / timeslot
Inter PLMN
Global Cell ID required
MCC + MNC + LAC + CI
Inter MSC
Inter cell
Intra BSC
Inter BSC
Intra MSC
95
Multi Layer Network Types

Normal
frequency
Super reuse
frequency
Macro cells
Micro cells
Intelligent Underlay Overlay

Different frequencies for high / low power TRx
GSM 900 cell
Coverage Layer: Gives access to the network

Capacity Layer: Provides additional capacity and allows traffic
distribution
96
GSM 1800 cell
Handover Strategy
Triggering
Nx samples
Less than Px samples >= threshold
No handover triggered
Actual average samples
threshold
Signal interference thresholds
hoThresholdsInterferenceDL/UL (IDR/IUR)
-110..-47 dBm
Signal quality thresholds

hoThresholdsQualDL/UL (QDR/QUR)
0..7
Signal level thresholds

hoThresholdLevelDL/UL (LDR/LUR)
hoThresholdRapidLevelUL (RPD)
-110..-47 dBm
-110..-47 dBm
MS speed thresholds
upper/lowerSpeedLimit (USL/LSL)
0..255 (unit = 2km/h)
Number of average samples

Nx
1..32
Px
1..32
97
Nx samples
Px samples are >= threshold
handover triggered
Target cell selection
Trigger Point When the set

threshold has been met or
exceeded Px times of Nx times
Handover Strategy
(Priorities)
More than one handover criterion fulfilled -> process of higher priority performed
Handover and power control criteria fulfilled -> handover performed
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
98
Interference (uplink or downlink)

Intra-segment inter-band because of downlink level (from higher to lower frequency band)
Uplink quality
Downlink quality
AMR unpacking (uplink level and also uplink unpacking quality triggers)
Uplink level
AMR unpacking (downlink level and also downlink unpacking quality triggers)
Downlink level
Coverage based inter-system handover to WCDMA RAN
IMSI-based inter-system handover to WCDMA RAN
IMSI-based handover
DTM-based handover to WCDMA RAN
Inter-system handover to WCDMA RAN
MS-BS distance (maximum or minimum)
Turn-around-corner MS
Rapid field drop
Slow/fast-moving MS
Umbrella
Power budget
DTM-based handover to a GSM DTM cell
BSC-initiated TRHO
IUO
Intra-segment HO based on load
AMR packing because of good uplink and downlink quality
AMR unpacking because of bad uplink or downlink quality
PC because of lower quality thresholds (uplink and downlink)
PC because of lower level thresholds (uplink and downlink)
PC because of upper quality thresholds (uplink and downlink)
PC because of upper level thresholds (uplink and downlink)
Exercise:
Whu UL has many times
higher priority than DL?
HO due to UL/DL Quality

IF
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO >=
HoThresholdsQualDL
THEN
Handover cause Downlink quality
IF
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO >=
HoThresholdsQualUL
THEN
Handover cause Uplink quality
Target cells is listed based on below criteria

1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RxLevMinCell(n) + MAX(0,Pa)
2.AND IF
EnableHoMarginLevQual(n)= Yes
THEN
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > AV_RXLEV_DL_HO + (BsTxPwrMax - BS_TXPWR)
+ HoMarginQual(n)
3. ELSE
PBGT(n) > HoMarginPBGT(n) (2)
Order of preference of target cells

PRIORITY(n) = HoPriorityLevel(n) - HoLoadFactor(n)
HoLoadFactor value is taken into account when BTSLoadThreshold is
exceeded.
Interval between handovers and handover attempts

99
Listing set of
target cell
Priority of
target cell
Timer of
source cell
HO due to UL/DL LEVEL

IF
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO<=
HoThresholdsLevDL
THEN
Handover cause Downlink level
IF
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO<=
HoThresholdsLevUL
THEN
Handover cause Uplink level
Target cells is listed based on below criteria

1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RxLevMinCell(n) + MAX(0,Pa)
2.AND IF
EnableHoMarginLevQual(n)= Yes
THEN
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > AV_RXLEV_DL_HO + (BsTxPwrMax - BS_TXPWR)
+ HoMarginLev(n)
3. ELSE

HoLoadFactor value is taken into account when BTSLoadThreshold is
exceeded.
GUARD_TIME = 2 * HoPeriodPBGT (Ho Due PBGT)

GUARD_TIME = 2 * HoPeriodUmbrella (HO Due to Umbrella)
100
Listing set of
target cell
Priority of
target cell
Timer of
source cell
HO due to Fast/Slow moving MS

MS speed in relation to cell size:
IF
MsSpeedDetectionState= 0
AdjCellLayer(n) = Lower
FastMovingThreshold(n)> 0
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) >
RxLevMinCell(n) + MAX (0, Pa)
THEN
RXLEV_CNT(n) = RXLEV_CNT(n) + 2
ELSE
RXLEV_CNT(n) = RXLEV_CNT(n) - 1
IF
RXLEV_CNT(n) >=
FastMovingThreshold(n)
THEN
Handover cause Slow-moving MS
Measured MS speed:
IF
AV_MS_SPEED <= LowerSpeedLimit
THEN
MS is slow-moving
IF
AV_MS_SPEED >= UpperSpeedLimit
THEN
MS is fast-moving
IF
MsSpeedDetectionState= 0
THEN
Handover Cause Fast/Slow-moving MS
ELSE
Scale averaging parameters
Target cell evaluation:

AdjCellLayer(n) = Lower/Upper
AND
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > HoLevelUmbrella(n) (1')
Handover to low layer cell is not possible if maximum power capability of MS exceeds
gsm/dcsMicrocellThreshold
101
HO due to Fast/Slow moving MS (Count)

Target cell evaluation:
AdjCellLayer(n) = Lower/Upper
AND
Handover to low layer cell is not possible if maximum power capability of MS exceeds
gsm/dcsMicrocellThreshold

HoLoadFactor value is taken into account when
BTSLoadThreshold is exceeded
102
HO due to Umbrella
IF
EnableUmbrellaHO= Yes
HoPeriodUmbrella - interval between the umbrella
handover threshold comparisons
Umbrella handover and target cell evaluation:

AND
( [(P >= macro_thr) AND (pwr(n) >= macro_thr)]
OR
[(P <= micro_thr) AND (pwr(n) <= micro_thr)]
OR
[(P < macro_thr) AND (pwr(n) < macro_thr) AND
(P > micro_thr) AND (pwr(n) > micro_thr)] )

PRIORITY (n) = HoPriorityLevel(n) - HoLoadFactor(n)
BTSLoadThreshold is exceeded.

103
Umbrella +FMT Handover

Example
hoLevelUmbrella
= -85 dBm
gsmMacrocellThreshold = 33 dBm
dcsMacrocellThreshold = 33 dBm
PTCH (msTxPwrMax(n))
PMAX
hoThresholdLevelDL
= 30 dBm -> micro cell

= 30 dBm -> handover to micro cell only
= -95 dBm
900 Macro
After FMT>1 (example)
1800 Micro
Threshold umbrella
handover 85 dBm
Threshold RX level
handover 95 dBm
B
104
Umbrella handover
Umbrella handover
toto1800
1800cell
cell
RX
RXlevel
levelhandover
handover
back
to
900
back to 900cell
cell
HO due to PBGT
IF
EnablePowerBudgetHO= Yes
HoPeriodPBGT - interval between the power budget
threshold comparisons
Power budget and target cell evaluation:

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RxLevMinCell(n) + MAX(0, Pa) (1)
AND
PBGT(n) = (B - AV_RXLEV_DL_HO (BsTxPwrMax - BS_TXPWR)) - (A - AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n))

PRIORITY (n) = HoPriorityLevel(n) - HoLoadFactor(n)
BTSLoadThreshold is exceeded.
105
Power Budget Handover

Exercise
BTS
Serving cell:
HO candidate target cells:
A
B, C, D
All cells have the following parameter set:

rxLevMinCell=
-99 dBm
msTxPwrMax=
33 dBm
btsTxPwrMax=
42 dBm
hoMarginPBGT=
6 dB
Serving cell A:
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO=
BTS_TX_PWR=
-92 dBm
42 dBm
BSC
Target cell hoPriorityLevel:

B priority: 4
C priority: 3
D priority: 3
Target cell HOLoadFactor:
B load factor: 2
C load factor: 1
D load factor: 1
BTS
BTS
BTS
AV_RXLEV_NCELL (B)= -80 dBm

AV_RXLEV_NCELL (C)= -83 dBm
AV_RXLEV_NCELL (D)= -85 dBm
Which
Whichcell
cell(B/C/D)
(B/C/D)will
willbe
bechosen
chosenas
as
target
for
the
Power
Budget
HO?
target for the Power Budget HO?
Target cell B is considered overloaded
Exercis e Solution
106
Combined Umbrella & Power Budget HO

Overview
enablePowerBudgetHo = Yes & enableUmbrellaHo = Yes

Power budget handover to cells of the same layer
Umbrella and FMT handover to cells of different layer
UMBR
RR
PBGT
umbrella HO
radio reason HO
power budget HO
macrocells
PBGT,RR
RR
UMBR+FMT
PBGT,RR
microcells
107
Combined Umbrella & Power Budget HO

Adjacent Cell Classification
Predefinition of layer possible by adjCellLayer (ACL)

Three layers visible relative to serving cell
Used for target cell evaluation
Combined umbrella and power budget
Handover based on MS speed
Fast moving MS handling in macro cell
UPPER layer (macro)
SAME layer (serving

layer)
LOWER layer (micro)
108
N (no
predefinition)
HO due to Directed Retry

IF
DirectedRetryUsed = Yes
Handover from SDCCH of serving cell to TCH of adjacent cell due to congestion
minTimeLimitDR Target cell evaluation started
MaxTimeLimitDR - Target cell evaluation stopped
Target Cell evaluation
IF
DirectedRetryMethod = 1
THEN
AND
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > DRThreshold
ELSE
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) >RxLevMinCell(n) + MAX (0,Pa)
109
Directed Retry
Parameters
No TCH available during call set up in serving cell -> handover to TCH of other cell
Must be enabled with
drInUse (DR)
Y/N
Thresholds to be exceeded by target cell according condition (1a)

drMethod (DRM)
0/1
Defined type of threshold
rxLevMinCell
-110..-47 dBm
Used if drMethod = 0
drThreshold (DRT)
-110..-47 dBm
Used if drMethod = 1 and
drThreshold > rxLevMin Cell
Timers (to be counted from TCH assignment)
minTimeLimitDirectedRetry (MIDR)
0..14 s
No target cell evaluation
allowed
maxTimeLimitDirectedRetry (MADR)
1..15 s
Target cell evaluation allowed
TCH
SDCCH
congested
minTimeLimitDR
Assignment
Request
maxTimeLimitDR
DR not allowed
DR allowed
110
Time
HO due to Rapid Field Drop

IF
HoThresholdsRapidLevUL/Px > 0
IF
Px number of RXLEV_UL measurement < HoThresholdsRapidLevUL
THEN
Handover cause Rapid field drop
Target cell evaluation

IF
ChainedAdjacentCell(n) = Yes
AND
Order of preference of target cells:

The target cells are ranked according to radio link properties
(equation 1).
111
Rapid Field Drop Handover

Example
hoThresholdRapidLevUL
hoThresholdRapidLevUlN
chainedAdjacentCell
Chained
Cell
= -93 dBm
=2
=Y
Serving Cell
Serving cell
Threshold rapid field drop

handover 93 dBm
1st
2nd
112
Handover
triggered
NPT parameter related (HOC Parameter)
Should be lower
than POC
113
NPT parameter related (HOC Parameter)
Should be lower
than POC
114
NPT parameter related (ADCE Parameter)
115
NPT parameter related (ADCE Parameter)
116
KPI case
117
Optimization Principle
Optimization process is a way to do changes in
a network so that those network have maximum
on Capacity, Coverage and Quality
service
quality
Optimization
and Tailoring
cell coverage
cell capacity
Excessive value RxLevAmi will

improve KPI but coverage and
quality will reduce
Site with height >40m with

total tilt =2 will have wide
coverage but KPI will bad
Site with FRL/FRU = 100% will

have max capacity but have
lower Quality
118
KPI- Rules, SDCCH Blocking
If SDCCH block high please check:

1.TCH/SDCCH availability
2.LOC design (SDCCH traffic profile)
3.Parameter (CRO, CRH,
RxLevAmi)
119
KPI- Rules, SDCCH Drop
120
If SDCCH drop high please check:

1.DL/UL Quality
2.CRO/CRH, TRP setting
3.TA profile overshooting possibility
4.SDCCH TS location
KPI- Rules, SDCCH Drop due to RF/Abis
121
KPI- Rules, SDCCH Drop due to Aif
122
KPI- Rules, SDCCH Drop (A)
123
KPI- Rules, SDCCH Drop (other)
124
KPI- Rules, TCH Block
125
KPI- Rules, TCH Drop Call Ratios

Dcr_3j
TCH DROPS AFTER SEIZURE
TCH_RADIO_FAIL
/c1013
+TCH_RF_OLD_HO
/c1014
+TCH_ABIS_FAIL_CALL /c1084
+TCH_ABIS_FAIL_OLD /c1085
+TCH_A_IF_FAIL_CALL /c1087
+TCH_A_IF_FAIL_OLD /c1088
+TCH_TR_FAIL
/c1029
+TCH_TR_FAIL_OLD
/c1030
+TCH_LAPD_FAIL
/c1046
+TCH_BTS_FAIL
/c1047
+TCH_USER_ACT
/c1048
+TCH_BCSU_RESET
/c1049
+TCH_NETW_ACT
/c1050
+TCH_ACT_FAIL_CALL /c1081
-tch_re_est_assign
Dcr_8h
Dcr_5a
TCH DROPS AFTER ASSIGNMENT
tch_new_call_assign /c57033
+tch_ho_assign
/c57034
/c57032 (S7)
-tch_norm_release
-tch_ho_release
/c57035
/c57036
-tch_re_est_assign
/c57032
CONVERSATION DROPS
dropped_calls /c57007
DROPS
100 *
TCH SEIZURES FOR NEW CALL
tch_norm_seiz
/c1009
+tch_seiz_due_sdcch_con /c1099 (S5)
+msc_i_sdcch_tch
/c4044
TCH SEIZED
-tch_re_est_assign
/c57032
/c57032 (S7)
BSC allocates a TCH as a response to

TCH request (Channel Activation)
CALLS
TCH ASSIGNMENTS FOR NEW CALL

tch_new_call_assign /c57033
+bsc_i_sdcch_tch
/c4057
+cell_sdcch_tch
/c4074
-tch_succ_seiz_for_dir_acc /c1165 (S7)
-tch_re_est_assign
STARTED CONVERSATIONS
conver_started /c57015
- msc_i_tch_tch /c4043
CONVERSATION STARTED
TCH RELEASE
Disconnect from MS
conn_ack to BTS
TCH ASSIGNED
Assignment_complete from BTS
RF CHN RELEASE
Rf_channel_release_ack
from BTS
126
KPI- Rules, TCH Drop due to RF/Abis
127
KPI- Rules, TCH Drop due to RF Old
128
How unnecessary HO happened??

RxLev = -80dBm
CRO=0
GSM
DCS
RxLev = -95dBm
CRO=23
HO threshold = 20
On idle mode received level for GSM is

-80 dBm while DCS can be (-95 dBm +
(2 x 23) -49dBm
On dedicated mode user will move
from DCS to GSM due to DCS level
already too low
129
Unecessary HO can lead to DCR due

to RF Old and HO fail (ex. Due to GSM
blocking)
How unnecessary HO happened??

RxLev = -95dBm
HO threshold = 20
RxLevmin from A to B = 12
GSM/DCS A
Call establish on cell A, then received

level drop below HO threshold. User
will move from cell A to cell B
130
RxLev = -92dBm
HO threshold = 20
RxLevmin from A to B = 12
GSM/DCS B
After user serve by cell B, cell B will

ask user to do handover as received
level on cell B already below HO
threshold.
KPI- Rules, TCH Drop due to Aif
131
KPI- Rules, TCH Drop due to Transcoder
132
KPI- Rules, TCH Drop
133
KPI- Rules, TCH Drop (Other)
134
KPI- Rules, coverage problems (dlq_2a and ulq_2a)

Here are some examples how different kind of HW problems can be found
3
1
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
135
Lots of Q4 samples. Distribution is not OK HW problem. Site reset will help

Lots of bad signal level samples. TRX/Combiner is broken. If no HW problem
Site is totally in wrong place, site is like transferring traffic to another cell ( cause
level HO). Typically a HW problem
Lots of Q6 and Q7 samples. Distribution is not OK, no Q5 samples HW
problems. Site reset or broken TRX
Typical normal interference problem.
KPI- Rules, Interference analysis DL /UL

Same level quality distribution
for both UL and DL
HW Problem
All samples below
-100dBm
CL10 <-100dBm
136
KPI- Rules, Interference, UL

MS power control can be seen here.
If Power is reduced no bad UL
problems. BSC border is increasing
good level samples
Bad interference problems. By POC

parameter interference can be
decreased, how power is adjusted
etc. Also optimum MS power feature
improves UL interference, no full
power is sent after HO.
Bad quality sample due to signal
level problems. Diversity should be
checked, also possibilities to use
LNA to improve UL signal level.
Antenna place should be also
checked if there are some obstacles
near the antenna.
137
KPI- Rules, Interference, UL, examples

Some UL interference in good signal
level. UL power control is not
working properly. Ul power control is
good indicator, if power is adjusted,
there are no big problems in UL
direction
There is no UL interference, or just a

little. MS is adjusting power properly,
there are only little samples in good
UL signal level.
Huge amount of UL bad samples. Cells is not working properly, it is like transferring traffic, UL quality/ UL level HOs are triggering
immediately. These kind of cells must be investigated.
138
KPI- Rules, Interference, DL

Really bad interference problem signal level is really
good (<-70dBm) and usually no better cell available no
HO samples can be seen in the table. Interference is
causing drops.
Bad interference problem signal level good (<-80dBm)

and sometimes no better cell available. If better cell
available and quality samples are 4 or worse HO (reason
quality or interference, depends on the parameter)
Interference is causing drops.
Situation is network is working properly If there are quality

4 or worse samples quality HO. Most of the samples are
q4 samples. If lots of q5..q7 samples interference
problem and interference must be analyzed / removed. If
quality HOs but no q5..q7 samples better cell is available
no interference problems. In these signal levels
overlapping exists and if handover reason is no PBGT, it will
be quality HO. By parameter amount of quality HOs can be
adjusted
Bad quality samples due to signal level problems. If PBGT

overlapping is not existing lots of quality HOs + level HOs
(margin are lower than in PBGT).
Not interference problem, more signal level problem.
139
Check how much samples vs. HOs are

better cells available or not.
KPI- Rules, Interference, DL, examples

There are almost as much samples Q5 and Q7 samples as
Q 4 samples even interference is really bad or there is
no better cell available ( no hos after bad quality samples).
These kind of interference cells should be optimized,
otherwise there are lots of drops etc
There are no as much Q5Q7 samples as Q4 samples

after interference samples Quality HO is done or the
interference situation is not so bad, for example sampling is
Q0,Q2,Q4,Q2,Q5,Q0,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q2 quality HO is not
triggering
There are bad quality samples only due to signal level

problems.
140
KPI- Rules, Interference (internal / external)

Internal Interference
Interference can be seen from stats or can be measured by scanner.
Neighbor cells (DL) or mobiles (UL) are causing interference.
By frequency / network planning interference can be decreased.
External Interference
Interference can be seen from stats or can be measured by scanner.
External radio frequencies are causing interference
Military use
In the border area, interference is coming from other country.
Some external wireless system (for example some wireless industry system)
is causing interference
Increased I level can be also due to external interference
141
KPI- Rules, HOSR
142
KPI- Rules, HO fail

sum(msc_o_succ_ho + bsc_o_succ_ho + cell_succ_ho)
Total HO success ratio = 100 * (-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ) (ho_65)
sum(msc_o_ho_cmd + bsc_o_ho_cmd_assgn + bts_ho_assgn)
sum(a.msc_o_succ_ho + a.bsc_o_succ_ho + a.cell_succ_ho +
a.msc_to_wcdma_ran_succ_tch_ho)
Total HO failure ratio = 100 * (1- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------) (hfr_2b)
sum(b.msc_o_ho_cmd + b.bsc_o_ho_cmd_assgn +
b.bts_ho_assgn+a.msc_gen_sys_wcdma_ran_ho_com)
/* handovers failing due to blocking */

sum(a.msc_o_fail_lack + a.bsc_o_fail_lack + a.cell_fail_lack
+ a.msc_to_wcdma_ran_fail_lack)
HO failure ratio due to RF blocking = 100 * --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------/* all HO attempts */
sum(b.msc_o_ho_cmd + b.bsc_o_ho_cmd_assgn +
b.bts_ho_assgn + a.msc_gen_sys_wcdma_ran_ho_com)
(hfr_55a)
143

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BSS Optimisation Workshop

Nokia Siemens Networks

Radio Resource Administration

Nokia Siemens Networks

Radio Resource Administration

Nokia Siemens Networks

Basic TDMA Structure

e.g. allocated to one

Nokia Siemens Networks

( 0.577ms * 8 = 4.615 ms)

GSM Channel Organization

Nokia Siemens Networks

Frequency Correction Channel

Broadcast Control Channel

Cell Broadcast Channel

Random Access Channel

Access Grant Channel

Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel

Slow Associated Control Channel

Fast Associated Control Channel

Full rate / Halft rate TCH

Enhanced Full rate TCH

Nokia Siemens Networks

Adaptive multirate TCH (FR/HR)

Signalling Channel Mapping

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

f = FCCH, s = SCH, r = RACH TDMA frame

Nokia Siemens Networks

Signalling Channel Mapping

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

Nokia Siemens Networks

Traffic Channel Mapping

t = full rate TCH, s = SACCH/T, i = idle TDMA frame

Half Rate Traffic Channel Configuration (UL & DL)

Nokia Siemens Networks

t = half rate TCH, s = SACCH/T (first user)

Signalling Channel Mapping

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

Nokia Siemens Networks

Signalling Channel Mapping

BSS101411 Extended BCCH

Nokia Siemens Networks

= full rate traffic channel

Nokia Siemens Networks

Paging Channel (PCH) Parameters

Defines the number of multiframes between

Repaging Attempts (AT)

Time between consecutive paging

Nokia Siemens Networks

Range And Step

Maximum number of retransmissions on the RACH

The number of TDMA frames over which

Random time interval between consecutive retransmissions

Nokia Siemens Networks

Preference of AGCH messages on PCH

PCH can be used only, if no paging messages have to be

Number of paging groups

Nokia Siemens Networks

Combined CCCH / SDCCH configuration

2 CCCH blocks for PCH

3 MSs paged per paging message

3 pages per block