WHAT IS GIS

GIS SOME DEFINITIONS

GIS may include manual systems, however, it usually
refers to a computerised database system for capture,
storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data
(Huxhold, 1991).
GIS is capable of assisting the storage, retrieval and
manipulation of spatially referenced data such as street
address or a census tract (Nedovic-Budic, 1999).
GIS is most useful when used to perform data analysis
(Lee and Wong, 2001, viii)

GIS SOME DEFINITIONS (cont.)

application
acts as a problem solving solution
example: water pollution, traffic, land
management
toolbox
emphasize on the generic aspect of GIS in its
definition
always used by vendors to maximize their
market share

The History
First developed in North America,
particularly the U.S. and Canada in the mid1960s
Previously been used in natural resources
and environmental research

GIS History in Malaysia

Period

Objective/Purpose/Use

The relevant body in

Charge

Digital Cadastral
Database (DCDB)
National Topographic
Database

Management of countrys natural

Resources

Department of Survey and

Mapping Malaysia

DOAs GIS-Based Land Resource

Database

Land and land use investigation,

creation and maintenance of a
spatial and attribute database
and the storage, processing and
management of this information
for the purpose of producing land
use maps

Department of Agriculture

1992

National Infrastructure for Land

Information System (NaLIS).

Provide timely access to land

information, eliminate/reduce
duplication of data capture and
promote effective data sharing
among related agencies.

Ministry of Land and

Cooperative Development

1992

Penang Geographic Information

System (PEGIS)

Creation of digital data for all

land-related administration

Penang Development
Corporation

1992

Darul Ehsan GIS (DEGIS)

Integrating the diverse datasets

through the internet to create an
effective, consistent and
inexpensive GIS infrastructure

The State of Selangor

1993

Sabah GIS for agriculture

Digitizing all its land use

distribution maps at a scale of
1:25,000

Sabah DOA

1986

1990

Name of Database/
System

GIS History in Malaysia

1994
1994

1995

1995

2002

PEGIS handed over to the Penang

Government

- same as above -

Penang Development
Corporation

Computerized Planning
Information System

Convert all land-related

information within the Council
Administrative area, into a more
efficient and integrated digital
Format

Melaka City Council

'AGISWlk' (stand for Aplikasi GIS

Wilayah Lembah Klang).

Land use/resource
management and planning

Bahagian Kemajuan
Wilayah Persekutuan dan
Perancangan Lembah
Klang, Jabatan Perdana
Menteri (now
Kementerian Wilayah
Persekutuan)

To establish an efficient and

operational Forest Management
Information System using GIS
as a tool to support and
strengthen the department to
carry out its mandate as the
custodian of the state's forest
Resources

Forest Department of
Sarawak

GIS for forest resources

Malaysian Cadastral Digital Data

Infrastructure

Provide the technology, policies

and standards necessary to
acquire, distribute and improve
the utilization of land
Information

MaCDDI

Tutorial question
Briefly review the history of Geographic
Information System application in Malaysia.

GIS: OLD AND NEW

Traditional GIS

MAP

TYPEWRITER

MANUAL DRAFING
TOOLS

New GIS
COMPUTER

PLOTTER

CD-ROM

THE NEED FOR GIS

the real world has a lot of spatial data
manipulation, analysis and modeling can be
effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS

the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house

the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area
location of historical sites to visit
the earth surface for purposes of army

the earth surface is a limited resource

rational decisions on space utilization
fast and quality information in decision making

... THE NEED FOR GIS

complexity of management
due to the need to combine and process many
sets of data, in addition to judge as many as
possible, situation that might happen.
intense competition
the need to use technology in making decisions
and strategy in the world of intense competition.

A. DATA VISUALISATION
Which one do you prefer: tabular data or map data?

TABULAR DATA
State

Population (1991)

Johor

2,074,297

Kedah

1,304,800

Kelantan

1,181,680

Melaka

504,502

MAP

B. LOCATION
10

EAST
11

SOUTH

1.

12

WHERE IS OBJECTP?
ANSWER: P = 3Y SOUTH, 12X EAST

2.

WHAT CAN BE FOUND AT A CERTAIN LOCATION ?

EXAMPLE: What can be found at 5x SOUTH, 11y EAST?
ANSWER: Y

C. ATTRIBUTE QUESTION:
NO.

1.

AREA (HECTARE)

OWNER

TAX CODE

MINERAL QUALITY

100,000

TALATU

HIGH

50,100

BRAUDO

MEDIUM

90,900

BRAUDO

LOW

40,800

ANUNKU

LOW

120,200

SILIMA

HIGH

ATRIBUTE EXPLANATION
EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE ATTRIBUTE FOR ITEM 2?

2.

WHERE A CERTAIN SENARIO MIGHT HAPPEN?

EXAMPLE: WHO HAS THE HIGHEST QUALITY OF MINERALS ?

.QUESTION: RELATIONAL DATABASE

NO.

AREA (HECTARE)

OWNER

TAX CODE

MINERAL QUALITY

100,000

TALATU

HIGH

50,100

BRAUDO

MEDIUM

90,900

BRAUDO

LOW

40,800

ANUNKU

LOW

120,200

SILIMA

3.

SELECTION OF AN AREA (ACCORDING TO RULES)

EXAMPLE: WHICH ITEM HAS
a)

AREA >40,000 HECTARE

b)

OWNER: NOT SILIMA

c)

TAX CODE: B

d)

MINERAL QUALITY: HIGH

HIGH

QUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIP

X

Z
X

Y
X

1. IS OBJECT X IN THE PATTERN?

YES, IN THE FORM OF LINE, FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST
IN THE FORM OF A LINE
2. IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN X AND Y?
YES, Y IS ALWAYS NEAR X
3. WHAT OTHER SPATIAL PATTERN EXISTS?
OBJECT Z IS ALWAYS NEAR THE BORDERS AND ITS SIZE INCREASES
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

TREND QUESTION
A
C

A
B

1980

C
1990

1. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES FOR A,B AND C FROM 1980 TO 1990?
A: INCREASE IN SIZE
B: DECREASE IN SIZE AND CHANGE IN LOCATION
C: CHANGES IN SHAPE

2. WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE 1980?

A AND B HAVE CHANGED IN SIZE
B RELOCATES
C CHANGES IN SHAPE
ADDITION OF ITEM D

GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION

SYSTEMS
Information
Information
System
System
Non-spatial
Information
Systems
Management
Information
Systems

Spatial
Spatial
Information
Information
Systems
Systems
Geographic
Geographic
Information
Information
Systems
Systems

Other
Types
(CAD/CAM)

GIS
USES

VARIOUS DATA
SOURCES

MAPS

IMAGE

AND

DIGITAL
PRODUCTS

VARIOUS DATA
FORMATS

GPS

TEXT
DATA

TABULAR
DATA

DATABASE
MAPS

REPORTS

GIS APPLICATION (I)

environment
management of natural resources
land, forest, marine, etc.
monitoring/control of environmental pollution
environment impact study
infrastructure
transport and irrigation management and
maintenance
utility management and maintenance
electric, water, gas, telephone, etc.

GIS APPLICATION (II)

socio-economy
town and country planning
monitoring of population migration
disperse of resources/services
clinics, schools, etc
military
land form visualisation
visibility analysis

Residential Real Estate

A single map lets your customer compare
multiple properties and their respective
proximity to desired amenities such as
schools, parks, and shopping centers.
Introduce the subject of disclosure by
displaying FEMA floodplain data and know
toxic sites in an area.

Commercial Real Estate

Evaluate and analyze key factors when siting new premise for
restaurants, stores, warehouses, corporate offices etc.:
* Proximity to suitable customers
* Location of potential competitors
* Crime rates
* Transportation infrastructure
* Regional labor pool characteristics
* Environmental risk factors (i.e., flood plains, toxic sites, and
others)
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) can gain a competitive
edge over traditional investments by using GIS to quantifying
the investment potential of portfolios.
GIS can show properties in the context of potential
customers/tenants, nearness to competitors, inventories of like
property, labor pools, and risk factors.

Multiple Listing Services

Multiple Listing Services (MLSs) can add features and
functions to the standard MLS menu of services such as an
interactive map to show qualifying properties in the context of
neighborhood amenities or perceived nuisances. Layers such as
toxic sites can be added to address the sometimes thorny issue
of disclosure.
A prospective buyer can browse listings, look at an appropriate
map, and choose an agent without ever leaving home. A good
Internet site can link visitors to agents' e-mails and office Web
sites.
Mapping at the local level. Data such as parcel maps, school
district boundaries, bus routes, local parks, and recreation
facilities can be used by local MLS providers.
Internet Map Server (IMS) technology gives us the tools to
publish maps on the internet.

Title Companies
Title companies can use GIS for relatively simple customer care
mapping services, preliminary title searches, and the creation of
GIS-based land information systems (LISs).
LIS projects can involve the conversion of an existing paper-based
land registration/taxation system to an automated interactive GIS
system. Projects also include the creation of GIS/LIS from
historical records and aerial photogrammetry.
The title industry can also take advantage of internet-enabled GIS
systems to allow free public access to a county's parcel ownership
data and maps with a gateway to a fee-for-service section.
In the fee-for-service section, customers can order/down
proprietary data and reports and initiate title searches. More
innovative applications can be linked to a local real estate board or
MLS provider and are of particular value to a wide range of real
estate professionals.

Appraisers
Map current and recently retired listings for a more
accurate representation of sales information for
comparison.
GIS maps properties based on searchable features such
as address and parcel number, so we can review all
properties in a given area using these connectors
ArcView GIS desktop software gives you the tools to
map features that affect a property's value such as crime
rates, environmental hazards, and the condition of
surrounding neighborhoods and properties.

 Data recall

GIS USAGE

Geomdk_id: 252
Area: 147: 147.477900
Geodmk_: 640

Land Ownership
MAJLIS DAERAH KULAI

Account_no: A0546142
Owner: LAM MEE WONG
No_k_p: 2224567
Bangsa: CINA
Address: 142, JLN. BERJASA,
TMN. TIMUR,
KULAI, JOHOR
Poscode: 81000
No_geran: GM 125
No_lot: PTD 12201
Area: BANDAR KULAI
Mukim: SENAI-KULAI
Holding: BEBAS
Usage: KEDIAMAN
Floors: 01
Assesment: 89000.00
Rate: 0.25
Tax: 222.50

 Modeling
predict information from data within the GIS
using a certain model
Population Density
Year 2010

- High
- Medium
- Low

BENEFITS OF GIS
improves/enhances the effects of
physical/environmental growth
better management of resources
adding new value-added services
perform analysis on spatial and non spatial
components
fast recall of data
ability for complex analysis
recalling of non spatial data through object location
display of information in a different light/view
multiple scenario in planning can be performed
easily