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Arthropods as Vectors of

Disease

Things to know
What
Two

is a Vector?

types of vector and give


examples?

Biological vector
Acquire

pathogenic agents by
means of ________________.

Agents

undergo multiplication,
propagation, and development
inside the arthropods body.

Mosquitoes

and biting flies

Mechanical vectors
Transmits

pathogens by
way of their body such as
feet, wings, etc.
Serve as contaminators
Pathogen do not multiply or
develop inside their bodies.
Fleas, beetles, crabs and
copepods

Most important vectors of


tropical diseases

Mosquitoes
Flies
Cockroaches

Two divisions of mosquito


vectors
Anopheline Genus Anopheles
Human malaria and Human
filariasis
Culicine

Aedes,

Culex,

Mansonia
Dengue,
Japanese
encephalitis, human filariasis

Comparison of two sexes


Female

Male

Capable of biting and


sucking

Not capable

Feeds on plant juices and


nectar

Feeds on plant juices and


nectar

Antennae: Pinnose or less


bushy

Antennae: Plumose or
bushy

Eggs
Characterist
ics

Anopheline Culex Mansoni Aedes


s
a

Shape

Boat-shaped
eggs

Cigarshape
d
eggs
with
coroll
a

Area where
they lay eggs

Surfaces of
water

rafts

Under
leaves of
aquatic
plants

Artificial
containers and
dry hollows

Larva
Eggs

hatch 2-3 days of contact with

water
1-1.5
8

mm long-newly hatched

mm-full length

Instars-

stages between molts

Spiracles-organ

for breathing

Spiracles are situated in the


siphon
Short and
stout with
only one pair
of hair tufts

Which are
tubular
organs

Lacks
siphon

Long and
slender with
many ventral
tufts

Mansoni
a

Feeding position of anopheline


from nonanopheline

Differentiation
of mosquitoes

Mosquito Bionomics
Deals

with the relationship


of
species
to
their
environment

Important

in
the
epidemiology and planning
methods of mosquito control

Mating occurs..
24

48 hours after emergence

Males

form a swarm in dawn or


evening, females are seized, pairs
drop
out
the
swarm
and
insemination follows
Dispersal
__________ are much weaker flyer
Fly 1-2 km in range

Biting habits
Culex,

Mansonia and Anopheles


prefer to bite at night
Aedes during daytime
Other terminologies
feeds while inside human
Endophagic
Exophagic dwellings
feed outdoors
Endophily
rest while inside dwellings
Exophily
rest outdoors
Anthrophilic
feed on humans
Zoophilic feed on animals

Rainfall
Most

important factor for


emergence
of
mosquito
population
Rise and fall of mosquito
density is dependent on
seasonal prevalence
Based
on availability of
aquatic environments

Types of climates
Type

Type

II

Type

III

Type

IV

Major mosquito-borne diseases


I.

Malaria
III. DF/DHF
Anopheles
Aedes aegypti
Aedes albopictus
flavirostris
Anopheles litoralis
IV. Japanese
Anopheles
Encephalitis
balabacensis
Culex
tritaeniorynchus

II. Filariasis
Aedes poecilus
Mansonia

Anopheles spp
Anopheles flavirostris
Most important vector
Breeds in slow flowing, clear partially
shaded streams with vegetation
Pale golden patch in the proboscis

Anopheles litoralis
Secondary vector
Speckled legs
Breeds in water with salinity of 2.53%
Anopheles balabacensis
Dark proboscis with multiple dark
spots in the wings
Breeds in clear ponds and pools in
deep forests and jungles

Mansonia
Vector of Brugian filariasis
Bite from 1am-2am
Mansonia bonneae
Prefers fresh water swamps with
giant pandanus
Mansonia uniformis
Breeds in swamps with aquatic
plants
Adult
Light to dark brown or light to
golden
Legs have many pale markings with

Aedes spp
Aedes poecilus
Bancroftian

filariasis
Nocturnal feeder
Breeds in axils of plants

Aedes aegypti
DF/DHF
tiger mosquito
urban dengue
Aedes albopictus
rural dengue

Flies
Dark gray in color
6-9 mm in length
With 4 conspicuous
longitudinal black bands or
stripes

Musca domestica
Lay eggs in masses- 75- 150 eggs
Up to 21 batches in a month
Hatching takes place 20-24 hours in
warm
conditions
resulting
to
larva/maggots then to pupa , finally to
an adult.
It takes 10-17 days for development
from egg to adult.

Flies
Synantrophic
Associated with GIT diseases such
as:
amebiasis
salmonellosis
shigellosis
They feed on human and animal
excreta and human food.

Anatomical structures for


carrying pathogenic agents
1.

Sponging mouthparts

2.

Manner of ingesting food

3.

Hairy body and appendages

4.

Foot pads

Other synantrophic flies


Sarcophaga

11-15 mm long
Gray
Three prominent black
longitudinal stripes
Abdomen has a chess
board appearance

Other synantrophic flies


Calliphora
Face is covered with yellow
hairs
Bluish in color
Well-developed thoracic
hairs
Life cycle requires 22 days
Lucilia
shiny green or greenish/blue
abdomen with
bronze/coppery reflections
known as the bronze bottle
flies

Other synantrophic flies


Muscina
Slightly larger and
more robust
Dark gray to black
4 longitudinal bands
Fannia
Resembles house fly
Smaller and more
slender

Cockroches
Are

nocturnally active

Crawling
Carries

at daytime

more pathogens

Facilitated

by hairy chewing

mouthparts

Cockroaches

Blatella germanica
10-15 mm in length
yellowish-brown
Prominent
Periplaneta americana Blatta orientalis
longitudinal dark
Chestnut brown to 22-27 mm long
bands

dark-reddish brown Dark brown to black


Largest (40mm)
w/ short wings

Blatella germanica
Ootheca,
protrudes
from tip of
abdomen
until
hatching
time

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