MECHANICAL PROPERTIS OF MATERIALS

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

STRESS & STRAIN

DUCTILITY
STRENGTH
TOUGHNESS
HARDNESS
MALLEABILITY
PLASTICITY
ELASTICITY
DUCTILE
BRITTLE

STRESS & STRAIN

STRESS : An External force is applied to

body tends to change the dimension, the
body resists the force that internal
resistance called STRESS.
STRAIN : Change in dimension by the
external force called STRAIN.

DUCTILITY

Ductility is a measure of the plastic

deformation that has been sustained at
fracture

Measure of ability to deform plastically

without fracture - Elongation, Area Reduction,
Fracture Strain - (no units or mm/mm)

Ductility may be expressed as either percent

elongation or percent reduction in area.

STRENGTH

This is the maximum conventional stress

that can be sustained by the material.
It is the ultimate strength in tension and
corresponds to the maximum load in a
tension test.
It is measured by the highest point on the
conventional stress-strain curve. In
engineering tension tests this strength
provides the basic design information on
the materials.
The tensile strength of a material is the
maximum amount of tensile stress that it
can be subjected to before failure.

STRENGTH
There are three typical definitions of tensile
strength.
Yield strength
The stress at which material strain changes
from elastic deformation to plastic deformation,
causing it to deform permanently is known as
yield strength.
Ultimate strength
The maximum stress a material can withstand
is known as ultimate strength.
Breaking strength
The strength co-ordinate on the stress-strain
curve at the point of rupture is known as
breaking strength.

TOUGHNESS

Toughness is the ability to absorb energy

up to fracture (energy per unit volume of
material).
Toughness of a material obtained by
Impact Test as Impact Strength.
Impact strength is the ability of the
material to absorb energy during plastic
deformation.

HARDNESS

Hardness is a measure of a materials

resistance to localized plastic
deformation.
Resistance to permanently indenting the
surface.
The main usefulness of hardness is, it has
a constant relationship to the tensile
strength of a given material and so can
be used as a practical non-destructive
test .

HARDNESS TEST
METHODS
The following are the hardness test
methods
Rockwell hardness
Brinell hardness
Vickers Hardness
Micro Vickers Hardness
Knoop hardness
Shore

PROPERTIES

malleability the property of a material that

can be worked or hammered or shaped without
breaking

elasticity the property of a material that

returns to its original shape after stress (e.g.
external forces) that made it deform or distort is
removed

plasticity - the deformation of a material

undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in
response to applied forces

DUCTILE

Extensive plastic deformation ahead of

crack.

Crack is stable: resists further

extension unless applied stress is
increased.

BRITTLE

No appreciable plastic deformation.

Crack propagation is very fact.

EQUIPMENTS FOR
ANALYZE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES

UNIVERSAL TENSILE
MACHINE

UTM used to analyze below mentioned

properties
TENSILE STRENGTH
YIELD STRENGTH
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
DUCTILITY
BEND ANALYSIS
PROOF STRESS

CHARPY IMPACT MACHINE

Impact Machine is used to determine

Toughness or Impact strength of the
material.

TYPES
CHARPY IMPACT MACHINE
IZOD IMPACT MACHINE

VICKERS HARDNESS

ROCKWELL HARDNESS

Rockwell Hardness Scales

Scale Code

Load

Indenter

Use

120 diamond cone

Tungsten
carbide

HRA 60 kgf

Al, brass, and

HRB 100 kgf 1/16 in diameter steel sphere soft steels

C
D

HRC 150 kgf 120 diamond cone

HRD 100 kgf 120 diamond cone

HRE 100 kgf 1/8 in diameter steel sphere

HRF 60 kgf

HRG 150 kgf 1/16 in diameter steel sphere

1/16 in diameter steel sphere

Harder steels

THANK YOU