Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Definitions
Anxiety is a diffuse, vague apprehension associated with
feelings on uncertainty and helplessness. This
emotion has no specific object. It is subjectively
experienced and communicated interpersonally. It is
different from fear, which is the intellectual appraisal of
danger. Anxiety is the emotional response to that
appraisal. The capacity to be anxious is necessary for
survival, but severe levels of anxiety are incompatible
with life. Anxiety disorders are the most common
. psychiatric problems in the United States
Type
:Panic disorder without agoraphobia- 1
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and at least
one of the attacks has been followed by a month
: (or more) of
A> Persistent concern about having additional
. attacks
B> Worry about the implications of the attack or its
.consequences, or
C> A significant change in behavior related to the
.attacks. Also the absence of agoraphobia
:Specific phobia
-4
: Social phobia- 5
Marked and persistent fear of one or more social or
performance situations in which the person is
exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible
scrutiny by others. The individual fears that he or
she will act in a way (or show anxiety symptoms)
that will be humiliating or embarrassing.
Exposure to the feared situation almost invariably
provokes anxiety. The person recognizes the fear
is excessive, and the distress or avoidance
. interferes with the person's normal routine
: Obsessive-compulsive disorder- 6
Either obsessions or compulsions are
recognized as excessive and interfere with
. the person's normal routine
Risk Factors:
Responses
Cardiovascular
Palpitations
Heart "racing"
Increased blood pressure
Faintness
Actual fainting
Decreased blood pressure
Decreases pulse rate
Respiratory
Rapid breathing
Shortness of breath
Pressure on chest
Shallow breathing
Lump in throat
Chocking sensation
Gasping
Neuromuscular
Increased reflexes
Startle reaction
Eyelid twitching
Insonia
Tremors
Figidity
Ridgeting, pacing
Strained face
Generalized weakness
Wobbly legs
Clumsy movement
Gastrointestinal
Loss of appetite
Revulsion toward food
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Heartburn
Diarrhea
Cont
Body system
Responses
Gastrointestinal
Loss of appetite
Revulsion toward food
Abdominal discomfort
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Heartburn
Diarrhea
Urinary tract
Pressure to urinate
Frequent urination
Face flushed
Skin
Responses
Behavioral
Restlessness
Physical tension
Tremors
Startle reaction
Rapid speech
Lack of coordination
Accident proneness
Interpersonal withdrawal
Inhibition
Flight
Avoidance
Hyperventilation
Hypervigilance
Cognitive
Impaired attention
Poor concentration
Forgetfulness
Errors in judgment
Responses
Cognitive (continued)
Preoccupation
Blocking of thoughts
Decreased perceptual field
Reduced creativity
Diminished productivity
Confusion
Hypervigilence
Self-consciousness
Loss of objectivity
Fear of losing control
Freighting visual images
Fear of injury or death
Flashbacks
Nightmares
Affective
Edginess
Impatience
Uneasiness
Tension
Nervousness
Fearfulness
Alarm
Terror
Jitteriness
Jumpiness
Numbness
Guilt
Shame
Client outcomes
Nursing interventions
Evaluation
: Nursing Interventions
A> Assess own level of anxiety and make a conscious
effort to remain calm. Anxiety is readily transferable from
. one person to another
B> Recognize the client's use of relief behaviors (pacing,
wringing of hands) as indicators of anxiety. Early
interventions help to manage anxiety before symptoms
. escalate to more serious levels
C> Inform the client of the importance of limiting caffeine,
nicotine, and other central nervous system stimulants.
Limiting these substances, prevents/ minimizes physical
symptoms of anxiety such as rapid heart rate and
. jitteriness
E> Instruct the client in the following anxietyreducing strategies, which help reduce anxiety in
a variety of ways and distract the client from
. focusing on the anxiety
. Progressive relaxation technique -1
Slow deep-berating exercises -2
. Focusing on a single object in the room -3
. Listening to soothing music or relaxation tapes -4
Visual imagery -5
:Medication
In recent years, there has been a growing
interest in Eastern techniques of
medication. Experimental evidence of the
efficacy of medication is still in its infancy,
but it seems to have a striking effect on
physiological functions as measured by
. oxygen composition
:MAO inhibitors
Like tricyclic antidepressants, MAO
inhibitors appear to be quite effective in
the treatment of panic disorder. Some
investigators have suggested that MAO
inhibitors may be slightly more effective
. than imipramine
:Antihypertensive agents
There is some evidence to suggest that blockers possess anxiolytic properties.
Clinical experience, however, suggests
that -blockers may be less effective in the
treatment of panic disorder than tricyclic
. antidepressants
:Benzodiazepines
Many investigators have suggested that
benzodiazepines are effective in the treatment of
generalized anxiety but fail to prevent panic
attacks. Recent research ahs cast doubt on this
popular but unsubstantiated notion. Despite the
ongoing controversy regarding this issue, many
patients with panic disorder achieve inadequate
relief with low to moderate doses of traditional
benzodiazepines. Emerging data suggest that this
relative lack of response to many benzodiazepines
may be related to issues of potency. Consistent
with this concept, two high-potency
benzodiazepines and clonazepam have been
found to be effective in the treatment of panic
. disorder