INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE

VISCOUS FLOW
Nazaruddin Sinaga
Laboratorium Efisiensi dan Konservasi Energi
Universitas Diponegoro
1

Outline

Flow Measurements
2

Osborne Reynolds
Experiment

Laminar and Turbulent

Flow

Entrance Length

Developing Flow

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

Types of Flow
The physical nature of fluid flow can be categorized into three types, i.e.
laminar, transition and turbulent flow. Reynolds Number (Re) can be
used to characterize these flow.

VD VD
Re

where

(6.3)

= density
= dynamic viscosity
= kinematic viscosity ( = /)
V = mean velocity
D = pipe diameter

In general, flow in commercial pipes have been found to conform to the

following condition:
Laminar Flow:
Re <2000
Transitional Flow :
2000 < Re <4000
Turbulent Flow :
Re >4000
28

Laminar Flow
Viscous shears dominate in this type of flow and the
fluid appears to be moving in discreet layers. The
shear stress is governed by Newtons law of viscosity

du

dy

In general the shear stress is almost impossible to

measure. But for laminar flow it is possible to
calculate the theoretical value for a given velocity,
fluid and the appropriate geometrical shape.
29

Pressure Loss During A Laminar Flow In A Pipe

- In reality, because fluids are viscous, energy
is lost by flowing fluids due to friction
which must be taken into account.

- The effect of friction shows itself as a

pressure (or head) loss. In a pipe with a
real fluid flowing, the shear stress at the
wall retard the flow.

- The shear stress will vary with velocity of

flow and hence with Re. Many experiments
have been done with various fluids
measuring the pressure loss at various
Reynolds numbers.

- Figure below shows a typical velocity

distribution in a pipe flow. It can be seen
the velocity increases from zero at the wall
to a maximum in the mainstream of the
flow.
30

A typical
velocity
distribution in
a pipe flow

 In laminar flow the paths of individual particles of fluid

do not cross, so the flow may be considered as a series
of concentric cylinders sliding over each other.
Lets consider a cylinder of fluid with a length L, radius
r, flowing steadily in the center of pipe.

Cylindrical of fluid flowing steadily in a pipe

31

The fluid is in equilibrium, shearing forces equal the pressure forces.

Shearing force = Pressure force
2rL PA Pr 2

P r
L 2

(6.5)

Taking the direction of measurement r (measured from the center of

pipe), rather than the use of y (measured from the pipe wall), the
above equation can be written as;
du
r
(6.6)
dr
Equatting (6.5) with (6.6) will give:
P r
du

L 2
dr
du
P r

dr
L 2

 In an integral form this gives an expression for velocity, with the

values of r = 0 (at the pipe center) to r = R (at the pipe wall)
u
(6.7)

P 1 r R
r 0 rdr
L 2

R 2 r 2 P
ur
4

where
P = change in pressure
L = length of pipe
R = pipe radius
r = distance measured from the center of pipe
The maximum velocity is at the center of the pipe, i.e. when r = 0.

R 2 P
u max
4 L
It can be shown that the mean velocity is half the maximum velocity,
i.e. V=umax/2

Shear stress and velocity distribution in pipe for laminar flow

The discharge may be found using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation,

which is given by the following;
P D 4
Q
L 128

(6.8)

The Hagen-Poiseuille expresses the discharge Q in terms of the

pressure gradient dP P , diameter of pipe, and viscosity of the
dx L
fluid.
Pressure drop throughout the length of pipe can then be calculated
by
8LQ 8L
64 V 2 L 64 V 2 L
2
(6.9)

VR

4
4
R
R
VD 2 D Re 2 D

Fully Developed Laminar

Flow
in a Pipe
Velocity Distribution

Shear Stress Distribution

35

Fully Developed Laminar

Flow
in a Pipe
Volume Flow Rate

Flow Rate as a Function of Pressure Drop

36

Fully Developed Laminar

Flow
in a Pipe
Average Velocity

Maximum Velocity

37

38

Turbulent Flow
This is the most commonly occurring flow in engineering
practice in which fluid particles move erratically causing
instantaneous fluctuations in the velocity components.
These fluctuations cause additional shear stresses. In this
type of flow both viscous and turbulent shear stresses exists.
Thus, the shear stress in turbulent flow is a combination of
laminar and turbulent shear stresses, and can be written as:

lam tur

dU

dy

where
= dynamic viscosity
= eddy viscosity which is not a fluid property but
turbulence condition of flow.
39

depends upon

40

Velocity Profile for Fully

Developed Pipe Flow

41

 The velocity at any point in the cross-section will be proportional

to the one-seventh power of the distance from the wall, which
can be expressed as:

Uy

y

U CL R

1/ 7

(6.10)

where Uy is the velocity at a distance y from the wall, UCL is the

velocity at the centerline of pipe, and R is the radius of pipe. This
equation is known as the Prandtl one-seventh law.
Figure below shows the velocity profile for turbulent flow in a
pipe. The shape of the profile is said to be logarithmic.

Velocity profile for turbulent flow

42

43

For smooth pipe:

U
yU *
5.75 log10
5.5
U*

(6.11a)

For rough pipe:

U
y
5.75 log10 8.5
U*
k

(6.11b)

In the above equations, U represents the velocity at a distance y

from the pipe wall, U* is the shear velocity =
y is the distance form the pipe wall, k is the surface roughness and
is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
44

Turbulent Velocity
Profiles in Fully
Developed Pipe Flow

45

46

47

Head Losses

48

Head Losses
The momentum balance in the flow direction is thus given by

49

50

51

 Head Loss

53

54

Friction Factor

55

56

57

Nikuradses
Experiments

In general, friction factor

f F (Re,

Function of Re and
roughness

Laminar
64 region
f

e
)
D
k

Re

1/ 4

Rough

Blausius

Re

Independent of
roughness

Turbulent region

Smooth pipe curve

64
Re

All curves coincide @

~Re=2300

Rough pipe zone

Blausius OK for smooth pipe

All rough pipe curves

flatten
0.25 out and become
independent of2Re

e
5.74

3.7 D Re 0.9

log10

Laminar

Transition

Turbulent

Smooth

59

Moody Diagram

60

61

Calculation of Minor
Head Loss
Minor Losses

Examples: Inlets and Exits; Enlargements and

Contractions; Pipe Bends; Valves and Fittings

62

Pipe Entrance

Developing flow
Includes boundary
layer and core,
viscous effects grow
inward from the wall
Fully developed flow
Shape of velocity
Pressure
profile is same at all
points along pipe Entrance
pressure drop

Le 0.06 Re

D 4.4Re1/6

Laminar flow
Turbulent flow

Fully developed
flow region

Entrance length Le

Region of linear
pressure drop
Le

Entrance Loss in a Pipe

In addition to frictional
losses, there are minor
losses due to
Entrances or exits
Expansions or
contractions
Bends, elbows, tees, and
Abrupt inlet, K ~ 0.5
other fittings
Valves
Losses generally determined
hL
V2
K
or
hL K
by experiment and then
2
2g
V
corellated with pipe flow
characteristics
2g
Loss coefficients are
generally given as the ratio K loss coefficent
K ~ 0.1 for well-rounded inlet (high Re)
of head loss to velocity head
K ~ 1.0 abrupt pipe outlet
K ~ 0.5 abrupt pipe inlet

Elbow Loss in a Pipe

A piping system may have many minor losses which

are all correlated to V2/2g
Sum them up to a total system loss for pipes of the
same diameter

Where,

V2
hL h f hm
2g
m

L
f

m
D
m

hL Total head loss

h f Frictional head loss
hm Minor head loss for fitting m
K m Minor head loss coefficien t for fitting m

Calculation of Minor
Head Loss

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

Example 1

Water at 10C is flowing at a rate of 0.03 m3/s through a pipe. The pipe
has 150-mm diameter, 500 m long, and the surface roughness is estimated
at 0.06 mm. Find the head loss and the pressure drop throughout the
length of the pipe.

Solution:

From Table 1.3 (for water): = 1000 kg/m3 and =1.30x10-3 N.s/m2
V = Q/A and
A=R2
A = (0.15/2)2 = 0.01767 m2
V = Q/A =0.03/.0.01767 =1.7 m/s
Re = (1000x1.7x0.15)/(1.30x10-3) = 1.96x105 > 2000 turbulent flow
To find , use Moody Diagram with Re and relative roughness (k/D).
k/D = 0.06x10-3/0.15 = 4x10-4
From Moody diagram, 0.018
The head loss may be computed using the Darcy-Weisbach equation.

500 x 1.7 2
L V2
hf
0.018 x
8.84m.
D 2g
0.15 x 2 x 9.81
The pressure drop along the pipe can be calculated using the relationship:
P=ghf = 1000 x 9.81 x 8.84
P = 8.67 x 104 Pa

75

Example 2
Determine the energy loss that will occur as 0.06 m3/s water flows
from a 40-mm pipe diameter into a 100-mm pipe diameter through
a sudden expansion.

Solution:
The head loss through a sudden enlargement is given by;
2
Va
hm K
2g
Va

Q
0.06

3.58 m / s
Aa (0.04 / 2) 2

Da/Db = 40/100 = 0.4

From Table 6.3: K = 0.70
Thus, the head loss is

3.58 2
h Lm 0.70 x
0.47 m
2 x 9.81
76

Example 3

Calculate the head added by the pump when

the water system shown below carries a
discharge of 0.27 m3/s. If the efficiency of
the pump is 80%, calculate the power input
required by the pump to maintain the flow.

77

Solution:
Applying Bernoulli equation between section 1 and 2
P1
V12
P2
V2 2
z1
Hp
z2
H L12
(1)
g
2g
g
2g

P1 = P2 = Patm = 0 (atm) and V1=V2 0

equation (1) reduces to:
(2)

H p z 2 z1 H L12

HL1-2 = hf + hentrance + hbend + hexit

V2
H L12
2g

0.015x

1000

0 .5 0 .4 1
0.4

V2
39.4
2g

From (2):

V2
H p 230 200 39.4
2 x 9.81

Thus

The velocity can be calculated using the

continuity equation:
V

Q
0.27

2.15 m / s
2
A 0.4 / 2

Thus, the head added by the pump:

p
Pin

gQH p

gQH p
p

Hp = 39.3 m

Pin

1000 x 9.81x 0.27 x 39.3

0.8

Pin = 130.117 Watt 130 kW.

Pipe Flow Analysis

Pipeline system used in water distribution,
industrial application and in many engineering
systems may range from simple arrangement to
extremely complex one.
Problems regarding pipelines are usually tackled
by the use of continuity and energy equations.
The head loss due to friction is usually calculated
using the D-W equation while the minor losses are
computed using equations 6.16, 6.16(a) and
6.16(b) depending on the appropriate conditions.
80

Pipes in Series
When two or more pipes of
different diameters or
roughness are connected in
such a way that the fluid
follows a single flow path
throughout the system, the
system represents a series
pipeline.
In a series pipeline the total
energy loss is the sum of the
individual minor losses and
all pipe friction losses.

Pipelines in series

81

 Referring to Figure 6.11, the Bernoulli equation can be

written between points 1 and 2 as follows;
P1
V12 P2
V2 2
z1

z2
H L12
g
2g
g
2g

where

(6.18)

P/g = pressure head

z
= elevation head
V2/2g = velocity head
HL1-2 = total energy lost between point 1
and 2

Realizing that P1=P2=Patm, and V1=V2, then equation (6.14)

reduces to
z1-z2 = HL1-2

82

Or we can say that the different of reservoir

water level is equivalent to the total head losses
in the system.
The total head losses are a combination of the all
the friction losses and the sum of the individual
minor losses.
HL1-2 = hfa + hfb + hentrance + hvalve + hexpansion + hexit.
Since the same discharge passes through all the
pipes, the continuity equation can be written as;
Q1 = Q2

83

Pipes in Parallel
A combination of two
or more pipes
connected between
two points so that the
discharge divides at
the first junction and
rejoins at the next is
known as pipes in
parallel. Here the
head loss between the
two junctions is the
same for all pipes.

Figure 6.12 Pipelines in

parallel

84

 Applying the continuity equation to the system;

Q1 = Qa + Qb = Q2

(6.19)

The energy equation between point 1 and 2 can be written

as;
2
2
P1
V
P
V
z1 1 2 z 2 2 H L
g
2g
g
2g

The head losses throughout the system are given by;

HL1-2=hLa = hLb

(6.20)

Equations (6.19) and (6.20) are the governing relationships

for parallel pipe line systems. The system automatically
adjusts the flow in each branch until the total system flow
satisfies these equations.

Pipe Network
A water distribution system consists of complex
interconnected pipes, service reservoirs and/or pumps,
which deliver water from the treatment plant to the
consumer.
Water demand is highly variable, whereas supply is
normally constant. Thus, the distribution system must
include storage elements, and must be capable of
flexible operation.
Pipe network analysis involves the determination of the
pipe flow rates and pressure heads at the outflows
points of the network. The flow rate and pressure
heads must satisfy the continuity and energy equations.

86

Pipe Network
The earliest systematic method of network analysis
(Hardy-Cross Method) is known as the head balance or
closed loop method. This method is applicable to
system in which pipes form closed loops. The outflows
from the system are generally assumed to occur at the
nodes junction.
For a given pipe system with known outflows, the
Hardy-Cross method is an iterative procedure based on
initially iterated flows in the pipes. At each junction
these flows must satisfy the continuity criterion, i.e.
the algebraic sum of the flow rates in the pipe meeting
at a junction, together with any external flows is zero.

87

 Assigning clockwise flows and their associated

head losses are positive, the procedure is as
follows:
Assume values of Q to satisfy Q = 0.
Calculate HL from Q using
HL = K1Q2 .
If HL = 0, then the solution is correct.

88

 If HL 0, then apply a correction factor,

Q, to all Q and repeat from step (2).
For practical purposes, the calculation is
usually terminated when HL < 0.01 m or Q
< 1 L/s.
A reasonably efficient value of Q for rapid
convergence is given by;
H

Q
2 H

89

(6.21)
Q

Example 4
A pipe 6-cm in diameter, 1000m long and with = 0.018 is
connected in parallel between two points M and N with
another pipe 8-cm in diameter, 800-m long and having =
0.020. A total discharge of 20 L/s enters the parallel pipe
through division at A and rejoins at B. Estimate the
discharge in each of the pipe.

90

Solution:
Continuity: Q = Q1 + Q2
(1)

0.02

(0.06) 2 V12 (0.08) 2 V22

4
4

V1 1.778V2 7.074

Pipes in parallel: hf1 = hf2

L V2
L V2
1 1 1 2 2 2
2gD1
2gD 2
0.018x1000 2 0.020x800 2
V1
V2
0.06
0.08
V1 0.8165V2

(2)

Substitute (2) into (1)

0.8165V2 + 1.778 V2 = 7.074
V2 = 2.73 m/s

91


Q 2 A 2 V2 (0.08) 2 x 2.73
4
Q2 = 0.0137 m3/s

From (2):
V1 = 0.8165 V2 = 0.8165x2.73 = 2.23 m/s
Q1 = 0.0063 m3/s

Recheck the answer:

Q 1+ Q 2 = Q
0.0063 + 0.0137 = 0.020
(same as given Q OK!)
92

Example 6.6
For the square loop shown, find the discharge in all the
pipes. All pipes are 1 km long and 300 mm in diameter, with
a friction factor of 0.0163. Assume that minor losses can be
neglected.

93

Solution:
Assume values of Q to satisfy continuity equations all at nodes.
The head loss is calculated using; HL = K1Q2
HL = hf + hLm
But minor losses can be neglected: hLm = 0
Thus HL = hf
Head loss can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation
L V2
hf
D 2g

94

L V2
HL hf
D 2g
1000
V2
H L 0.0163 x
x
0.3 2 x 9.81
H L 2.77

Q2
A2

2.77 x

Q2
2

2
x 0.3
4

H L 554Q 2
H L K' Q 2
K ' 554

First trial
Pipe

Q (L/s)

HL (m)

HL/Q

AB

60

2.0

0.033

BC

40

0.886

0.0222

CD

AD

-40

-0.886

0.0222

2.00

0.0774

Since HL > 0.01 m, then correction has to be applied.

95

2
HL

12.92 L / s
H
2
x
0
.
0774
L
2
Q

Second trial
Pipe

Q (L/s)

HL (m)

HL/Q

AB

47.08

1.23

0.0261

BC

27.08

0.407

0.015

CD

-12.92

-0.092

0.007

-0.0107

0.07775

Since HL 0.01 m, then it is OK.

AD
-52.92
-1.555
0.0294
Thus, the discharge in each pipe is as follows (to the nearest integer).

Pipe

Discharge (L/s)

AB

47

BC

27

CD

-13

AD

-53
96

Solution of Pipe Flow

Problems
Single Path
Find p for a given L, D, and
Q
Use energy equation directly
Find L for a given p, D, and Q
Use energy equation directly

Solution of Pipe Flow

Problems
Single Path (Continued)
Find Q for a given p, L, and D
1. Manually iterate energy equation and friction
factor formula to find V (or Q), or
2. Directly solve, simultaneously, energy
equation and friction factor formula using
(for example) Excel

Find D for a given p, L, and Q

1. Manually iterate energy equation and friction
factor formula to find D, or
2. Directly solve, simultaneously, energy
equation and friction factor formula using
(for example) Excel

Solution of Pipe Flow

Problems

Multiple-Path Systems
Example:

Solution of Pipe Flow

Problems
Multiple-Path Systems
Solve each branch as for single path
Two additional rules
1. The net flow out of any node (junction) is zero
2. Each node has a unique pressure head (HGL)

To complete solution of problem

1. Manually iterate energy equation and friction
factor for each branch to satisfy all constraints, or
2. Directly solve, simultaneously, complete set of
equations using (for example) Excel

Flow Measurement
Direct Methods
Examples: Accumulation in a Container;
Positive Displacement Flowmeter

Restriction Flow Meters for Internal

Flows
Examples: Orifice Plate; Flow Nozzle;
Venturi; Laminar Flow Element

Flow Measurement
Linear Flow Meters

Examples: Float Meter (Rotameter); Turbine; Vortex;

Electromagnetic; Magnetic; Ultrasonic

Flow Measurement
Traversing Methods
Examples: Pitot (or Pitot Static) Tube; Laser
Doppler Anemometer

The End
Terima kasih
104

Shear Stress in Pipes

Steady, uniform flow in a pipe:

momentum flux is zero and pressure
distribution across pipe is hydrostatic,
equilibrium exists between pressure,
gravity and shear forces
dp
s ) A W sin 0 (D ) s
ds
dp
dz
0
sA As 0 (D ) s
ds
ds
D
d
p
0 [ ( z )]
4 ds
D dh
0
4 ds
4 L 0
h1 h2 h f
D
Fs 0 pA ( p

Since h is constant across the crosssection of the pipe (hydrostatic), and

dh/ds>0, then the shear stress will be
zero at the center (r = 0) and increase
linearly to a maximum at the wall.
Head loss is due to the shear stress.

Applicable to either laminar or turbulent

flow
Now we need a relationship for the shear
stress in terms of the Re and pipe
roughness

Darcy-Weisbach Equation

ML-1T-2

ML-

LT-1

ML-1T-1

0 F ( , V , , D, e)
4 F ( 1 , 2 )
Repeating variables : , V , D

e
1 Re; 2 ; 3 0 2
D
V
0

e
F (Re, )
D
V 2
e
0 V 2 F (Re, )
D

hf

4L
0
D

4L
e
V 2 F (Re, )
D
D

L V2

D 2g

hf f

L V2
D 2g

e
8F (Re, D )

Darcy-Weisbach Eq.

f 8F (Re,

e
)
D

Friction factor

Laminar Flow in Pipes

Laminar flow -- Newtons law of viscosity is

valid:
dV
r dh

dy
2 ds
dV

dr
r dh

2 ds
r dh

dr
2 ds

dV
dy
dV
dr
dV
V

r 2 dh
C 0
4 ds

r 2 dh
C
4 ds

r
r 2 dh
1

V 0
r
4 ds
0

V Vmax 1
r

Velocity distribution in a pipe (laminar

flow) is parabolic with maximum at
center.

Discharge in Laminar Flow

dh 2
( r0 r 2 )
4 ds
dh 2
Q VdA 0r0
( r0 r 2 )( 2rdr )
4 ds
V

dh ( r 2 r02 ) 2

4 ds
2

r04 dh
8 ds

D 4 dh

128 ds
V

Q
A

D 2 dh
32 ds

r0
0

Head Loss in Laminar Flow

D 2 dh
32 ds
dh
32
V
ds
D 2
32
dh V
ds
D 2
32
h2 h1 V
( s2 s1 )
D 2
h1 h2 h f
V

hf

32 LV

D 2

hf

32 LV

D 2
32 LV V 2 / 2

D 2 V 2 / 2

L
64(
)( ) V 2 / 2
V D D
64 L

( ) V 2 / 2
Re D
hf f

L V 2
D 2

64
Re

EGL & HGL for Losses in a

Pipe

Entrances, bends, and other flow

transitions cause the EGL to drop an
amount equal to the head loss
produced by the transition.
EGL is steeper at entrance than it is
downstream of there where the
slope is equal the frictional head
loss in the pipe.
The HGL also drops sharply
downstream of an entrance

Ex. (10.8)
Given: Kerosene (S=0.94, =0.048 N-s/m2).
Horizontal 5-cm pipe. Q=2x10-3 m3/s.
Find: Pressure drop per 10 m of pipe.
Solution:
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z 2
2g

2g

32 LV
hL
D 2
0 0 0.5

32 LV

V22
2
00
2g

D 2
2 2 32 L
V2
V 0.5 0
2g
D 2

2 2
32 * 4 * 10 5 * 10
V2
V 0.5 0
2g
0.8 * 62.4 * (1 / 32) 2
V22 8.45V 16.1 0
V 1.60 ft / s
0.8 * 1.94 * 1.6 * (0.25 / 12)
Re
1293 (laminar)
4 * 10 5
Q V * A 1.6 * * (0.25/12) 2 / 4 1.23 * 10 3 cfs

Ex. (10.34)
Given: Glycerin@ 20oC flows commercial
steel pipe.
Find: h
Solution: 12,300 N / m, 0.62 Ns / m 2
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z 2
2g

2g

p1
p
z1 hL 2 z 2

p
p
h 1 z1 ( 2 z 2 ) hL

VD VD 0.6 * 0.02
Re

23.5 (laminar)

5.1 * 10 4
32 LV 32(0.62)(1)(0.6)
h h L

2.42 m
D 2
12,300 * (0.02) 2

Ex. (10.43)
Given: Figure
Find: Estimate the elevation required in the upper
reservoir to produce a water discharge of 10 cfs
in the system. What is the minimum pressure in
the pipeline and what is the pressure there?
Solution:

V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z 2
2g

2g

0 0 z1 hL 0 0 z 2

V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL b b b zb
2g

2g

V2 p
0 0 z1 hL 1 * b b zb
2g

L V2

hL K e 2 K b K E f
D 2g

K e 0.5; K b 0.4 (assumed); K E 1.0; f

L
430
0.025 *
10.75
D
1

Q
10
V
12.73 ft / s
A / 4 * 12
z1 100 0.5 2 * 0.4 1.0 10.75

12.732
133 ft
2 * 32.2

pb
V2
L V2
z1 zb b K e K b f

2g
D 2g
300 12.732

133 110 .7 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.025

1 2 * 32.2

1.35 ft
pb 62.4 * ( 1.53) 0.59 psig
Re

VD
12.73 * 1

9 * 105
5

1.14 * 10

Ex. (10.68)
Given: Commercial steel pipe to carry 300 cfs of
water at 60oF with a head loss of 1 ft per 1000 ft
of pipe. Assume pipe sizes are available in
even sizes when the diameters are expressed in
inches (i.e., 10 in, 12 in, etc.).
Find: Diameter.
Solution: 1.22 x10 5 ft 2 / s; k 1.5 x10 4 ft

4
Relative roughness: k s 1.5 x10 0.00002
D
8.06

Get better estimate of f

Re

Assume f = 0.015
hf f

L V2
D 2g

1000 (Q /( / 4) D 2 ) 2
1 0.015 *
D
2g
33,984
1
D5
D 8.06 ft

VD

( / 4) D 2

Re

Q
( / 4) D
300

( / 4)(8.06)1.22 x10

f=0.010
1

22,656

D5
D 7.43 ft 89 in.

Use a 90 in pipe

3.9 x106

Ex. (10.81)
Given: The pressure at a water main is 300 kPa
gage. What size pipe is needed to carry water
from the main at a rate of 0.025 m3/s to a
factory that is 140 m from the main? Assume
galvanized-steel pipe is to be used and that the
pressure required at the factory is 60 kPa gage
at a point 10 m above the main connection.
Find: Size of pipe.
Solution:
hf f

L V2
L (Q /( / 4) D 2 ) 2
f
D 2g
D
2g

fL Q 2

D 8
h f 2g

Assume f = 0.020

fL Q 2
8
h f 2 g

1/ 5

0.02 140 (0.025) 2

8
14.45
2 9.81

1/ 5

0.100 m

Relative roughness:

k s 0.15

0.0015
D 100

Friction factor:

f 0.022

1/ 5

V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z2
2g

2g

300,000
60,000
hf
10
9810
9810
h f 14.45 m

0.022
D 0.100

0.020
Use 12 cm pipe

1/ 5

0.102 m

Ex. (10.83)
Given: The 10-cm galvanized-steel pipe is 1000 m
long and discharges water into the atmosphere.
The pipeline has an open globe valve and 4
threaded elbows; h1=3 m and h2 = 15 m.
Find: What is the discharge, and what is the
pressure at A, the midpoint of the line?
Solution:
V12 p1
V22 p2
1

z1 hL 2

z2
2g

2g

0 0 12 (1 K e K v 4 K b f

L V2
)
00
D 2g

D = 10-cm and assume f = 0.025

24 g (1 0.5 10 4 * 0.9 0.025

1000 2
)V
0.1

24 g
V2
265.1
V 0.942 m / s
Q VA 0.942( / 4)(0.10) 2 0.0074 m 3 / s
VD 0.942 * 0.1
Re

7 x104
6

1.31x10
So f = 0.025

V2 p
V2 p
A A A z A h L 2 2 2 z 2
2g

2g

pA
L V2
15 ( 2 K b f )

D 2g
pA
500 (0.942) 2
( 2 * 0.9 0.025
)
15 9.6 m

0.1
2g
p A 9810 * ( 9.26) 90.8 kPa

Near cavitation pressure, not good!

Ex. (10.95)
Given: If the deluge through the system shown is 2
cfs, what horsepower is the pump supplying to
the water? The 4 bends have a radius of 12 in
and the 6-in pipe is smooth.
Find: Horsepower
Solution:
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 h p 2 2 2 z2 hL
2g

2g

V2
L
0 0 30 h p 0 60 2 (1 0.5 4 K b f )
2g
D
Q
2
V
10.18 ft / s
A ( / 4)(1 / 2) 2
V22
1.611 ft
2g
VD 10.18 * (1 / 2)
Re

4.17 x105

1.22 x10

So f = 0.0135
h p 60 30 1.611(1 0.5 4 * 0.19 0.0135
107.6 ft
Qh p
p
24.4 hp
550

1700
)
(1 / 2)