BASIC MECHANISM DISEASE

( BMD )

Rosdiana Natzir
( Department of medical-biochemistry )

references

Harpers biochemistry
Rawn International Biochemistry
Stryers biochemistry

Introduction

Biochemistry and Medicine :

definition of biochemistry --->
is the science concerned with the various
molecules and their chemical reactions that
occur in living cells and organism.

2 central concerns of health sciences

1. the understanding of health and maintenance
of health

2. the understanding of disease and effective

treatment of disease.

To achieve these objectives, biochemist have to

Isolate the numerous molecules found in cells.

Determine their structures

Analyze how their functions.

Example : molecular basis of contractility of

muscle/muscle cell.

Example : molecular basis of contractility of

muscle
/muscle cell.
Many molecules in muscle cell---> isolate :
primer or complex ---- proteins.

Structure of their molecules

Functions of each structures.

(ATP ; proteins : actin, myosin, actomyosin ;

calcium ; regulation of contraction )

Biochemistry ---> to understand how life

began --->
as wide as life itself --->
chemical processes occur wherever there are
life.

Normal biochemical processes are the basis of

health. (WHO) and one major prerequisite for
the maintenance of health ---> optimal dietary
intake of a number of chemicals.---> or as a
preventive medicine.--->

For example the prevention of atherosclerosis and

cancer---all excessive dietary fat as promoters
with their associated neoplasm in humas.
---> study of nutrition.
Biochemistry is essential to all life sciences :
1.
Nutrition
7. toxicology
2.
Medicine
8. pathology
3.
Genetics
9. microbiology
4.
Physiology
10. zoology
5.
Immunology
11. botany
6.
Pharmacology and pharmacy

All disease has a biochemical basis :

the major causes of diseases.

Physical agent: mechanical trauma; extremes of

temperature; electric shock; radiation;
atmopheric pressure.
Chemical agents and drugs.
biologic agents: virus ; bacteria; fungi.
Oxygen lack.
Genetics : -albinism / melanin
Imunologic reaction : -PLA2 released - allergic
Nutritional imbalance : - kwashiorkor, -marasmus
Endocrine imbalance.

Several samples causes to influences various

biochemical mechanisms in cell or in the body :

Vitamins---> deficiences.
Amino acids ---> kwashiorkor
Fatty acids ---> atherosclerosis
PKU=phenylketonuria ---> severe mental
retardation
Genetic disease ---> cystic fibrosis ( abnormally
viscous secretion of sweat gland ).
Bacterial disease ---> cholera.
Transmitted parasite ---> malaria.

Biochemistry ---> basic mechanism

diseases

Musculosceletal system :
> vitamine C deficiency ( Scurvy )disorder of
synthesis of collagen.
> gout disease or osteoarthritis disease
catabolism
of purine.

. Gastrointestinal system :
> deficiency of enzyme
. Immunology system : Agammaglobulinemia.

. Metabolic-endocrine system : diabetes

mellitus; hypertyroid.
. Acid-base balance in respiratory and renal
function system.
. Hematology system : synthesis of heme.
. Catabolism and excretion system : various
components ( amonia; urea; uric acid ).

Major component of complex organic

biomolecules of cells and tissues :

DNA and RNA

: genetic material.
Protein
: enzymes; contractile
elements.
Polysaccharides : short term storage of
energy
( glucose ).
. Lipids
: membrane; long-term
storage of
energy as triglycerides.

Major intracelluler organelles :

Nucleus : DNA - site of chromosome and

transcription .
Mitochondrion : Glutamic dehydrogenase citric
acid cycle ; oxidative phosphorylation.
Ribosome : High content of RNA translation of
m RNA to protein.
Endoplasmic reticulum : glucose-6-phosphatase
synthesis of lipids ; oxidation of many xenobiotics.
Lysosomes : acid phosphatase site of many
hydrolases.

Plasma membrane : Na+KATP ase transport

molecules.
Golgy apparatus : galactosyl transferase
glycosilation reaction; sulfation reaction.

Peroxisome : catalase degradation of fatty

acids; amino acids. Uric acids oxidase
production and degradation of hydrogen peroxide.

Cytosol : lactate dehydrogenase glycolysis;

fatty acids synthesis.

Major methods used to separate and purified

biomolecules :

Salt fractionation ( ammonium sulfate ).

Chromatography.
Gel filtration
Electrophoresis.
Ultracentrifugation.

Hierarchy of preparations used to study

biochemical processes :

Studies at the whole animal level :

include :
> removal of an organ.
> alteration of diet.
> administration of drug.
> administration of toxin.
> with a specific disease : diabetes mellitus.
> with a sophisticated technique such as
positron
emision tomography; radioisotope.

Isolated perfused organ.

Tissue slice.
Used of whole cells blood cells.
Homogenates individuals cell preparation.
Isolated cells organelles function of
mitochondrion; endoplasmic reticulum.
Subfractionation of organelles.
Isolation and characteristic of enzymes with
any chemical reactions.
Cloning of genes for enzymes and proteins .