Professional Documents
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COMMUNICATION
RESEARCH
OBJEKTIF KURSUS
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KANDUNGAN KURSUS
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Penilaian Kursus
Statistics
Purpose of Statistics
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To describe phenomena,
To organize and summarize our
result more conveniently and
meaningfully,
To make inference or make certain
predictions,
To make explain, and
To make conclusion.
Type of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
- Concerned with summarizing the
distribution of single variable or measuring
relationship between two or more
variables (Eg: Frequency distribution,
measure of central tendencies, measures
of dispersion, correlation coefficient and
deriving regression equation (prediction
equation)
Concepts in Statistics
Population
- The entire group being observed, almost
always assumed to be infinite in size
- The total collection of all cases in which
the researcher is interested and wishes to
understanding.
- Group or set of human subjects or other
entities (Ex: all student at the UPM, all
members at Jabatan Komunikasi)
Sample
A portion of
defined population
Small in numbers
Observable
Can draw inference
about population
Measurement
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Level of Measurement
- The mathematical characteristic of a
variable as determined by the
measurement process. A major
criterion for selecting statistical
procedures or techniques.
Level of Measurement
(Type of Data)
1. Nominal
Sorting elements with respect to
certain characteristics
Sort into categories that are at
homogenous as possible
Lowest level of measurement
classification, naming, labeling
Level of Measurement
(Type of Data)
2. Ordinal
- Grouping or classification of
elements with degree of order or
ranking
- May not be able say exactly how
much they possess
- Can be arrange or placed in single
continuum
- Eg: Likert scale
Level of Measurement
(Type of Data)
3. Interval
- Ordering elements with respect to
the degree to which they possess
certain characteristics
- Indicates the exact distance between
them
- Zero does not means absence
- Eg: 0 degrees Celsius (Suhu rendah)
Level of Measurement
(Type of Data)
4. Ratio
- Ordering elements with respect to
the degree to which they possess
certain characteristics
- Indicates the exact distance between
them
- Zero means absence absolute
Eg: RM0 (tiada pendapatan)
Level of Measurement
(Type of Data)
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Descriptive Statistics
Frequency distribution
Measure of central tendency
Measure of dispersion
Measure of association
Data Presentation
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General guides
Inferential Statistics
Estimates
Hypothesis Testing
Statistical Assumption
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Random sample
Characteristics are related to true
population
Multiple random sample from same
population yield similar statistics
that cluster around true population
parameters
Can calculate the sampling error
associated with a sample statistics
Normal Distribution
Hypothesis Testing
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Critical Region
Two-tailed Test
One-tailed Test