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Pumps
Moves Liquid, Creates Pressure
Vapor bubbles
Causes Cavitations
Erodes Impeller
Pump Types
Centrifugal
Positive Displacement
Piston
diaphragm
Centrifugal Pumps
Two Basic Requirements for TroubleFree Operation of Centrifugal Pumps
no cavitation of the pump occurs throughout
the broad operating range
a certain minimum continuous flow is always
maintained during operation
Pump around loops
Reduced Flows
Unfavorable conditions which may occur
separately or simultaneously when the pump is
operated at reduced flows
Cases of heavy leakages from the casing, seal, and stuffing
box
Deflection and shearing of shafts
Seizure of pump internals
Close tolerances erosion
Separation cavitation
Product quality degradation
Excessive hydraulic thrust
Premature bearing failures
Centrifugal Pump
Electric Motor
Centrifugal Pump
Electric
Motor
Centrifugal Pump
Converts
kinetic
energy to
pressure
energy
Impellers
Total Static Head - Total head when the pump is not running
Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head) - Total head when the
pump is running
Static Suction Head - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the
head is higher than the pump impeller
Static Suction Lift - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the
head is lower than the pump impeller
Static Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with the
pump off
Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - Head on suction side of pump with
pump on
Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with
pump on
Pump Head
The head of a pump can be expressed in metric
units as:
head = (p2 - p1)/(g) + (v22- v12)/(2g) + (z2-z1)
where
h = total head developed (m)
p2 = pressure at outlet (N/m2)
p1 = pressure at inlet (N/m2)
= density of liquid (kg/m3)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81) m/s2
v2 = velocity at the outlet (m/s)
Pump Efficiency
Centrifugal Pump
Resistance
Pump Head
H2 = H1 x [(D2xN2)/(D1xN1)]2
D = Impeller Diameter
N = specific speed
Head
Designed
into
Installation
HX
Piston Pumps
Gear Pumps
Lobe Pumps
food applications,
because they
handle solids
without damaging
the pump.
Particle size
pumped can be
much larger in
these pumps than
in other PD types
Screw Pump
Centrifugal
Pump
Diaphragm Pumps
The lower the speed of a PD
pump, the lower the NPSHR.
Pump Costs
Cost based upon Size Factor
Centrifugal Pump
S=QH1/2
Gear Pump
S=Q
Piston Pump
S= Power (brake)
Compressors
Types
Centrifugal
Others
Piston
Lobed
Screw
Isentropic, s(T1,P1)=s(T2,isentropic,P2)
Theoretical Power
Powerisentropic= FlowRate*(h2,isentropic-h1)
Efficiency s =Powerisentropic/Powerbrake
s = (h2,isentropic-h1)/(h2-h1)
Cost of Compressors
Size Factor is Compressor Power
k 1
k
P2
T1
P1
T2 T1
s
http://www.city-compressors.co.uk/
Centrifugal Compressors
Rotors
Stators
Jet
Engine
Design
Piston Compressor
Expander
Reverse of Compressor
Let flow produce shaft work
Types
Centrifugal
Positive Displacement
Piston
Lobed
Screw
Cost
Size factor = Power
http://www.city-compressors.co.uk/
Vane Axial
Tube Axial
Use a Blower
< 30 psig
Producing Vacuum
Steam Ejector
Producing Vacuum
Types
Ejector - advantage = large volumetric flow rate
Multi-Stage with interstage condensers
Design for
Flow Rate at suction plus
Air Leakage Rate
Function of pressure and Volume of vessel
Cost
Size factor = Flow Rate at suction
Motor for pumps
Ejector
Produces Vacuum
Provides Low Pressures for
Distillation Columns
Fluid (P Psat)
Steam
for suction pressure below 100 mbar
absolute, more than one ejector will be
used, with condensors between the
ejector stages
Air
Water
Collects Particles in Gas Stream
Venturi Scrubber