Anna University

Chennai-25
Ph.D., -Viva Voce Examination
Hearty welcome to the
Respected
Oral Examination Board Members
1

INDEX
1. Ph.D Registration & Progress
2. Introduction FSO
3. Cn2 Measurement & Estimation
4. Formulation of Model to predict Cn2
5. Formulation of Model to predict attenuation
6. Mitigation of Beam Wandering Soft controller
7. Digital Implementation of Beam wandering compensation control system
8. Quality & Reliability Metric Analysis of TFSLoSOC
9. Conclusion & Future work
10. Publications, Research Seminar Presentation and Awards
11. Thesis Evaluation Report Indian & Foreign Examiner
12. Thesis Publication A Book Proposal
2

Anna University
Chennai-25
Experimental Modeling of Atmospheric
Turbulence effects and Mitigation of
Beam wandering in Terrestrial Free
Space Optical Communication

DRDO Sponsored Project

Mr. A. Arockia Bazil Raj
Research Scholar

Dr. J. Arputha Vijaya

Selvi
3
Supervisor

Ph.D. Registration & Progress

Date of Interview

31.08.2008

Date of Provisional registration order

24.09.2008

Register No

20084012001

Faculty

Information and Communication Engineering

Mode

Part Time

Month/Year of Admission

11.10.2008

Date of 1st DC Meeting

24.01.2009

No. of Coursework undertaken

Confirmation Viva

05.05.2011

Synopsis Submission

09.04.2014

Thesis Submission

30.06.2014

Thesis Evaluation Comments Reviewed

13.12.2014

Oral Board Order Received

30.12.2014

Public Viva-voce Examination

02.02.2015
4

Doctoral Committee Members

Dr. J. Arputha Vijaya Selvi
Professor (ECE) & Dean (R&D)
Kings College of Engineering
Punalkulam, Pudukkottai

Supervisor

Dr. S. Raghavan,
Professor,
Electronics and Communication
Engineering,
National Institute of Technology,
Tiruchirapppalli.

DC Member

Dr. D. Kumar,
Dean (Research),
Periyar Maniammai University,
Vallam, Thanjavur.

DC Member

Dr. S. Durairaj,
Principal
Kings College of Engineering
Punalkulam, Pudukkottai

Research
Coordinator

Research Objective
The prime aim of this research work is as follows:

1. To develop a model that relates the received optical signal fluctuation with
the atmospheric turbulence changes based on the experimental data for
modeling and simulation of atmospheric characteristics.
2. To develop and demonstrate mono-pulse, Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
and parallel processor based steering technique in Terrestrial Free Space
Line of Sight Optical Communication (TFSLSOC) on a test-bed with a
simplex communication link for a range of 500m.

Coursework undertaken

S.N Semest
o
er

Subject
Code
Number
DS5111

Advanced Adaptive Optics and

Artificial Neural Networks

AN5152

Computer Architecture and

Parallel Processing

DS5212

Free Space Optical

Communication and Fiber
Optic Sensor Applications

AN5102

Advanced Digital System Design

II
II
III
III
IV

Name of the Subject

Mode of
Examination
Special Course
(Directed
Study )
Regular
Course
Special Course
(Directed
Study )
Regular
Course

DRDO Reviewers
Dr. S. Sankaran
Former Director ER & IPR
DRDO, New Delhi

Chairman

Dr. N. Ramamurthy,
Addl. Director,
Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics,
Bangalore

Domain Expert

Dr. A.K. Gupta,

Addl. Director,
Instruments Research and Development
Establishment,
Dehradun.

User & Domain

Expert

Dr. A. T. Regunath
Addl. Director,
Laser Science & Technology Center (LASTEC),
New Delhi

Domain Expert

Research Advisory Council

Dr. P. S. Joseph
Vice Principal (former professor Photonics, EVR
College)
Cauvery College of Engineering & Tech.,
Tiruchirappalli

Expert Photonics

Dr. Arulmozhi Varman,

Asst. Dean - SENSE,
Vellore Institute of Technology,
Vellore.

Expert
Atmospheric
Optics

Dr. J. P. Lancelot,
Principal Scientific Officer,
Indian Institute of Astrophysics,
Bangalore.

Expert
Adaptive
Optics

Dr. N. Sivakumaran,
Assoc. Prof & Head/ICE,
National Institute of Technology,
Tirchirappalli

Expert
Instrument
Design,
Control & DAQ

Dr. A. Balaji Ganesh,

Coordinator TIFAC CORE (Signal Processing Group)
Vellammal Engineering College,
Chennai

Expert - Signal
Processing &
Modeling

Research Labs / Industries - Visited /

Discussed
1.

Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) , DRDO, Bangalore

2.

Laser Science and Technology Center (LASTEC), DRDO, New Delhi.

3.

Instruments Research Development and Establishment (IRDE) , DRDO,

Dehradun

4.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT-M), Chennai

5.

National Institute of Technology (NIT), Tiruchirappalli.

6.

Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIAP), Koramangala, Bangalore.

7.

International School of Photonics (ISP), Cochin University of Science and

Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, Kerala

10

Research Labs / Industries - Visited /

Discussed
8.

Holmarc Opto-Mechatronics Pvt. Ltd., Edapally, Kochi, Kerala- 682 024.

9.

Laser Spectra Systems, Bangalore

10.

Light Motif, Hyderabad

11.

Optiwave Photonics, Hyderabad

12.

Deepti Marketing Services (Physik Instrumente, Germany) , Bangalore

13.

CoreEl Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore

14.

MEL Systems and service Pvt., Ltd (Thorlabs, U.S.A), Chennai

11

Seminar/ Workshop / Training Program

Attended

1.

AICTE Sponsored STTP on Guided Waves and Free Space Optical

Communication Systems and Networks at National Institute of Technology,

Surathkal.
2.

International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing, at

Karunya University, Coimbatore.

3.

National Workshop on Emerging Trends on High End FPGAs at Anna

University of Technology, Tiruchirappalli.

4.

International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor

Computing at SSN College of Engineering, Chennai.

5.

International

(Indo-UK)

workshop

on

Fiber

Optics,

Photonics

Bioinstrumentation at ISP, CUSAT, Kochi, kerala.

6.

National Workshop on Application Technology and Research Trends in

Underwater Communications at SSN College of Engineering, Chennai.

7.

Workshop on Networking and Simulator Tools at Anna University,

Tiruchirappallli.

and

Optoelectronic assembly
Equipments
S. No
Particulars
1
Table Top Optical Bread board (Air isolated
support)
2
Laser Source
3
Optical Detector
4
Variable Beam Splitter
5
Transmitting Telescope
6
Receiving Telescope
7
Optical Power Meter
8
Tilting Mirror
9
Microscopic Objective Lens
10
Optical Filter
11
Quad Cell (instead of WFS)
12
Pure Reflecting Mirror
13
Mechanical, Electronics and Electrical
Accessories
14
Data Acquisition, Processing Tools with
reprogrammable board & related
accessories.
13

INTRODUCTION

14

Overall layout of FSOC data link

15

A typical concept of FSOC Next

Generation Network

16

Comparison between RF and FSOC commun

systems
Prime parameters
Data rate

RF

FSOC

< 100 Mbps

10s Mbps 10s Gbps

Devices size

Large

Small

Bandwidth regulated

Required

Free licence

Security

Low

High

Network architecture

Non-scalable

Scalable

Multipath fading,

Fog, Atmospheric

Link performance effects

rain, interferences

turbulence,

misalignment & obstruction

Channel distance

Long

So far small

Noise

Other sources

Background light

3dB/km at 58 GHz

37 dB/km at 830 nm

Fog Attenuation
(V = 200 m)

17

Comparison of range of RF, fiber and FSOC in

terms of available data rates against link
ranges (Ghaseemlooy et al 2012)

18

Comparison on bandwidth cost for RF, fiber

and FSO based communication system
(Willebrand & Ghuman 2002)

19

Applications & advantages

Some of the typical scenarios where the FSOC could be employed are given as
follows:
LAN to LAN connections on campuses/in city at Fast-Ethernet or Gigabit-Ethernet
Speeds.
Speedy service delivery of high-bandwidth access to fiber networks.
Temporary network installation (for special events or other purposes).
Re-establishing high-speed connection quickly (Disaster Recovery and Emergency
Response).
Communications between ground and spacecraft, between spacecrafts, including
elements of a satellite constellation.
Interstellar communication.
Ship-to-ship communications with high data rates providing complete security
Military / Defence communications.
Some typical advantages possible with FSOC are:
High data rates.
High transmission security.
No Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licence or frequency allocation.
Light weight, small volume, and lower power consumption, providing a potential edge
over RF communication.
Portability and quick deployment.
Increased security due to the laser's narrow beam-ideal for the wireless transfer of
financial, legal, military / Defence and other sensitive (highly secured) information.

20

Challenges and Limitations

1.

The propagating optical wave is influenced in FSOC channel by the random

atmospheric changes (wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and pressure),
thermal expansion, weak earthquakes and typical high-rise building sway which result
in decreasing the average received power, increasing the Bit Error Rate (BER) and
severely degrading the communication link quality/reliability. These are all the general
problems that require attenuation to be dealt.

2.

The major effects due to the random fluctuations of the atmospheric turbulence are
(i) optical scattering and observation (characterized by atmospheric attenuation),
(ii) random optical power fluctuation (characterized by scintillation index),
(iii) beam wandering i.e beam surface global (temporal) tilt due to beam centroid
displacement
on the detector plane (characterized by effective scintillation index) and
(iv) wavefront distortions i.e beam surface (spatial) local tilt (characterized by the
Zernike polynomials) [10,11, 12].
The conventional data coding and/or modulation techniques can be used to equalize /
compromise the first two effects with respect to weather condition at a given instant of
time.
The third and fourth effects can not be compromised without incorporating the
adaptive optics elements.

3.

4.

21

Challenges and Limitations

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

During data transmission, the angle between the transmitter-receiver LoS and the
transmitting beam axis must be kept within a fraction of the transmitting beamwidth
which may be as smaller as a few microradians.
Existence of perfect LoS and continuous beam alignment between the
communicating optical antennas is one of the key requirements for successful
installation of FSOC system.
To ensure uninterrupted data flow, auto-alignment transmitter and receiver modules
are necessary. The data loss due to weak scintillation effects can be recovered using
various data coding techniques developed for wire and fiber based communication
system.
In contest, beam wandering and deep signal fading (wavefront distortions)
represents an unique and significantly more challenging problems, which cannot be
resolved using conventional data coding techniques and major incentive for
incorporation of adaptive optics technology (beam wandering mitigation and
wavefront corrections) into FSOC architecture is the active prevention of long-term
data loss [12,15,16].
The first and most important requirement for the successful installation of FSOC is
beam steering (reduction of focal spot wander) that mitigates the beam wandering
(temporal distortions) which is the research component and main contribution in
this work.

Outline of the research road map and

original contribution

23

FSOC Transmitter Assembly

24

FSO Receiver Assembly

25

REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT
OF METEOROLOGICAL
PARAMETERS FOR
ESTIMATING LOW ALTITUDE
ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE
STRENGTH (Cn2)

26

Optical propagation path for the local Cn2 field data

measurement and acquisition with direct
transmission test equipments (Scintillometer
setups). The Receiver system is seen on the
building at the left and the Transmitter system is
seen on the tower at the right

27

Cn2 measurement - scintillometer

Scintillation Index I2 is measured by

12

I
I

2
Where <...> - Ensemble Average,

I Measured intensity

Rytov approximation is

2
1

2
KC n k

11

Where k= 2/ = wave number,

6

K is a constant = 1.23 for plane wave

L is the link range

Then the Cn2 is calculated as

2

1
C 2n
7
11
6
1.23k L 6

28

Photograph of sensors compartment sensors are

prevented from the direct influence of the
environmental changes and kept in waterproof
housing

29

Advantages
1. Measuring ability and accuracy make the proposed system more viable and
less budgetary for various applications related to the environmental
change.
2. This system reduces trial experiments time and cost.
3. This method is completely generalized and problem independent and
hence it can be easily rehashed to other parameter measurements.
4. Any specific/separate interfacing hardware/ data acquisition card, boards
and software are not required.
5. Moreover the cost of the existing stand-alone measurement instrument is
high, further customization is additionally increasing the cost.
6. Much more of other tasks could be performed along with the measurement
modules.

30

Components assembly and design structure

of cup anemometer- kept in waterproof
cabin

The windspeed is calculated by

a (t) Cs(t) U 0
Where
C is calibration constant = 0.6201m,
S(t) is angular velocity of the device in Hz,
U0 is offset speed = 0.27m/s

31

Circuit schematic and architecture of cup anemometer interfacing for wind speed
measurement

32

VHDL pseudo code of wind speed

measurement

33

Wind Speed measurement simulated timing

diagram -Modelsim results for the value
(000000010000)2= (16)10=2.75ms-1

34

Digital architecture for temperature and

relative humidity measurement-TWI
interfacing protocol

35

The temperature is calculated by

Temp Tin C 40.1 0.01Tmeas

Where
Tmeas is digital readout
The relative humidity is calculated by

Rh in% Tin C 25 0.01 0.00008Rh meas

0.0367Rh meas 1.5955 10 6 Rh 2meas 2.0468
Where
Rhmeas is digital readout

36

FSM control engine state transition flow for

temperature & relative humidity
measurement.

37

VHDL pseudo code of RH and T measurement

38

Timing diagram of T and RH measurement

simulated in Modelsim for the values
01100100010100= (6420)10=24.10C and
010101111000=(1400)10=46.09 %.

39

Digital architecture of pressure

measurement: SPI communication interface
protocol

Pr 0.25 Pmeas 10
Where
Pmeas is digital readout

40

FSM control engine state transition flow for

pressure measurement in triggered mode

41

VHDL pseudo code of P measurement

42

Timing diagram of P measurement simulated

in Modelsim for the value
(1100010111000010000)2 = (405008)10 =
101.252 kPa

43

(a) UART RS 232 communication protocol

architecture and (b) communication frame
format

44

protocol simulated in Modelsim for Ws=

00001001111000 =(632)10 =98.2458 ms1
,T=1101000001110=(6670)10 =26.6 C,
RH=010010101001 =(1193)10 =39.63 %,
and P=1100100000110010000
=(410000)10 =102.5 kPa

45

A portion of measured meteorological

data recording in excel work sheet
Observatio
Sample Data &
n
Time
ID
4/17/2013
41406
11:30:03
4/17/2013
41407
11:30:04
4/17/2013
41408
11:30:05
4/17/2013
41409
11:30:06
4/17/2013
41410
11:30:07

Wind
Speed
(ms-1)

Temperatur
e
(C)

Relative
Humidity
(%)

Pressure
(kPa)

2.2

37

38

100.6

2.4

36

37

100.6

2.3

37.4

38

100.6

2.5

37

38

100.6

2.3

36

37.6

100.6

46

Comparison between the standard and

proposed measurement data for ascending
and descending input variations: standard
(blue), test (red), linear regression (black)
and
residual
(green)
Master
is Lutron
measurement
instruments

47

Uncertainty computation as per the procedures of

(i) National Accreditation Board
Laboratories (NABL) and

for

Testing

and

Calibration

(ii) National Physical Laboratories (NPL)

Type A

where

1 1 n
xi x

n n 1 i 1

Ux

Type B

where
2

Uc U x U b1 U b2 U b3 U b4

48

determination (red):
a) Wind Velocity b) Relative Humidity c)
Temperature and
d) Pressure. The
insert figures (black) show the achieved
accuracy of measurement uncertainty (Ue)
against the respective normalized
environmental parameter.

49

Existing Models for Cn2 Estimation

1. PAMELA Model - HP

2. Gurvich Model VP

3. SLC-Day Model - VP

4. Hufnagel-valley Model VP

Existing Models for Cn2 Estimation

5. Green Wood Model - VP

6. Beam wandering model - HP

Existing Models for Cn2 Estimation

7. PR Model- based on Least Square Error - HP

Main observation on existing Cn2 models

1.

Most of the models found in literature predict the Cn2 as a function of h and their
prediction results greatly a constant at a given h or differ from the measurement
data of horizontal path Cn2.

2.

Some of the models are developed for specific locations like rocky terrain, HufnagelValley (HV)night time, Submarine Laser Communication (SLC)-day, Greenwood and
Gurvich etc.
The Cn2 not only varies as a function of h, but also according to local meteorological
conditions, geographic location, terrain type and number/time of the day.
Most of the existing models, as pointed out by several authors, are derived from the
data corresponding to a smaller data sets, particular location and/or local
atmospheric conditions; therefore, they failed to attain the generalization on
predicting the Cn2 .

3.
4.

5.
6.

Furthermore, these models do not offer any suitable means to tune (adapt) their
parameters to fit to new test field .
Some of the models are developed with the terrain related parameters like sandwind, TCSA of fog/snow, solar flex and cloud cover etc.
Therefore, covering the wide spectrum of seasonal variations and weather changes,
having a more accurate prediction of local Cn2 at the place of experimentation
becomes significant which leads to propose the new model.

A portion of day-wise local meteorological

data and estimated optical turbulence
strength recorded
Ws (ms-1)

T (C)

RH (%)

Pres. (kPa)

Cn2 (m-2/3)

Date

Com
ment

(2013)

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

12Feb

1.5

29

32

77

84

100.5

100.6

5.6E-17

2.2E-16

Clear

22Feb

13

15

42

45

30

60

100.4

100.8

9.0E-16

1.4E-15

Moder
ate

07Mar

2.10

3.11

29

30

70

84

100.5

100.6

1.6E-14

1.1E-13

Weak

27Mar

16

19

45

48

100.0

101.0

1.5E-13

5.8E-13 Strong

54

parameters over a day period: (a)-(d). A

comparison of time series plot of atmospheric
turbulence strength (Cn2) estimated using PAMELA
model (blue) and direct transmission measurement
using scintillometer setup i.e, based on signal
intensity ensemble average data (red): (e).
Correlation statistic plot for measured and
estimated Cn2 values: (f). MN-Mid Night and NnNoon
Winter Season

55

Same as above for 05th March 2013

Pre-Summer Season

56

th
Same
as
above
for
17
May 2013
Summer Season

57

Same as Figure 2.19 for 13th June 2013

Monsoon Season

58

Same as Figure 2.19 for 16th November 2013

Rainy Season

59

Summary
1. The establishment of scintillometer experimental setup for the link range of
0.5km at an altitude of 15.25m is described and the values of C n2 are measured.
2. The meteorological sensors are connected with separate architectures created
inside the FPGA to transfer the commands / address and read out the
measurement data.
3. An UART communication architecture as per the RS232 standard data frame
format is also developed to transfer the measurement values to the data logging
computer.
4. The measurement performance of the proposed system is calibrated against the
standard measurement instruments and an overall 98% correlation accuracy
achieved. The expanded uncertainties of measurements are estimated and the
variations are reported. Cn2 is estimated using PAMELA model with measured
data.
5. The estimated values of Cn2 are validated with the scintillometer measurement
values and the minimum and maximum average values of correlation coefficient
0.62 and 0.93 respectively are observed from the investigation on the data
collected in different seasons during one year.
6. Therefore, developing a more suitable model to get an accurate prediction of Cn2
as a function of local meteorological parameters at the test field becomes
significant.

60

COMPARISON OF
DIFFERENT MODELS FOR
GROUND-LEVEL
ATMOSPHERIC
TURBULENCE STRENGTH
(Cn2) PREDICTION WITH
NEW MODEL ACCORDING
TO LOCAL WEATHER
DATA FOR FSO
APPLICATIONS

61

Birds eye-view (EOS) of optical propagation path

for atmospheric attenuation and Cn2 field data
measurement. The receiver system is located on
the building at the left (marked by red balloon) and
the transmitter system is located on the tower at
the right (marked by blue balloon)

62

Schematic diagram of Laser Communication

Laboratory (LCL) experimental set-up (transmitter
and receiver) constructed to measure the
atmospheric attenuation & turbulence strength and
modeling

63

Formulation of New Models

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Input Factors: 3 (Ws, T and RH)

Input levels: 11
Response factors: 1
Experimental data set : [311 x4]
MINITAB work sheet samples entry: [1,77,147x4]
Model formulation: Taguchis method
Confidence level : 99 %
Data analysis tool: MINITAB - ANOVA
Equation formulation: DOE
Model optimization: using ANOVA tools against Confidence level

64

Illustrations of input-output response surface plots. (a) Cn2

Vs Ws & T, (b) Cn2 Vs Ws & RH and (c) Cn2 Vs T & RH. Note
that the multiplication factor in the z-axis is 10-14

65

66

Formulated Models
Model Equation-I:

C n 2 1 10 -14 (399.774 4.88372 Ws - 14.7804 T - 5.58958 RH

- 2.32469 Ws 2 0.203989 WsT - 0.0616557 WsRH
0.153508 TRH 0.170863 Ws 3 0.00276336 T 3
0.00011638 4 TRH 2 9.30618 10 -5 RH 3 )
Model Equation-II:

C n 2 1 10 -14 ( 1899.33 - 28.7688 Ws - 96.8552 T - 7.63587 RH

8.03877 Ws 2 0.600268 WsT 0.0325904 WsRH
0.0474588 TRH - 2.16593 Ws 3 0.0773251 T 3
0.0028023 TRH 2 - 0.000533785 RH 3 0.176089 Ws 4
- 0.00113842 T 4 2.61556 10 -6 RH 4 )

67

Formulated Models
Model Equation-III:

C n 2 1 10 14 (4963.45 - 12.1635 Ws - 265.847 T - 32.7117 RH

1.39064 Ws 2 0.200515 WsT 0.0585552 WsRH
0.632929 TRH - 0.167931 Ws 3 0.213973 T 3 0.0229636 TRH 2
- 0.00315137 RH 3 0.00869613Ws 4 - 0.000268105 Ws 2 T 2
- 1.55805 10 -5 Ws 2 RH 2 - 0.00311029 T 4 - 0.000429867 T 2 RH 2
1.38747 10 -5 RH)

Model Equation-IV:

C n 2 1 14 (3597.95 4.81594 Ws - 207.508 T - 5.633 RH - 0.426821 Ws 2

- 1.49135WsT 0.652278 WsRH - 0.233119 TRH 0.24708 Ws 3
0.197403T 3 0.0120702 TRH 2 - 0.00313312 RH 3 0.0226404 Ws 4
- 0.023023 Ws 3T - 0.000856621 Ws 3 RH 0.00521323 Ws 2 T 2
- 0.000181591 Ws 2 RH 2 - 0.00300308 T 4 5.58919 10 -5 T 3 RH
- 0.000192674 T 2 RH 2 - 4.38953 10 -5 RH 3 Ws 4.2236 10 -5 RH 3T
1.05632 10 -5 RH 4 )

68

Formulated Models
Model Equation-V:

C n 2 1 10 -14 (5360.63 21.0442 Ws - 281.763 T - 63.5576 RH - 0.0431099 Ws 2

- 0.101587 WsT - 0.271695 WsRH 2.19559 TRH - 0.26449 Ws 3 0.199294 T 3
0.0168798 TRH 2 0.000579369 RH 3 - 0.001449 Ws 4 0.0101365 Ws 3T
0.00092494 Ws 3 RH - 0.00159949 Ws 2 T 2 0.00011869 3 Ws 2 RH 2
- 0.00265882 T 4 - 0.000436822 T 3 RH - 0.000335601 T 2 RH 2
7.60425 10 -6 RH 3 Ws - 6.82247 10 -5 RH 3T 1.65979 10 -6 RH 4 )

69

value of Response Surface Model (RSM) for C n2 predic

Regression Model
Model Equation-I
Model Equation-II
Model Equation-III
Model Equation-IV
Model Equation-V

R2 value of Cn2 (%)

78.57
82.67
89.32
92.48
98.93

70

Percentage of deviations between measurement

and prediction values
Percentage of deviation (error) is calculated as
[{measured value-predicted value} /
predicted value] x100
Trial
ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Measured
Cn2 (m-2/3)
x10-12
0.0399
0.0481
0.0483
0.0608
0.0816
0.0774
0.1044
0.1038
0.1065
0.0399

Predicted
Cn2(m-2/3) x10-12
0.0393
0.0441
0.0441
0.0579
0.0773
0.0773
0.1028
0.1028
0.1028
0.0393

Average percentage deviation

Percentage
deviation of Cn2
(%)
1.5374
9.0497
9.4473
5.0417
5.5858
0.2003
1.6269
1.0333
3.6234
1.5374
3.86
71

Considered Models for Comparative Anal

1.
2.
3.
4.

PAMELA Model
HV Model
BW Model
PR Model

72

Diurnal time series updation of weather data (Presummer): (a) Ws, (b) T, (c) RH and (d) P

73

Graphical comparison of diurnal period time series

updation of Cn2 (pre-summer): (a) predicted using
selected & new models and measured using direct
beam transmission system and (b) SAE value of
those models

74

as above for a week-averaged weather statistics (sum

75

me as above for a week-averaged Cn2 statistics (summ

76

e as above for a month-averaged weather statistics (r

77

ame as above for a month-averaged Cn2 statistics (rain

78

s above for a seasonal-averaged weather statistics (w

79

Same as above for a seasonal-averaged Cn2

statistics (winter)

80

Summary
1. The significance of model design to predict the Cn2 according to the local weather data is
explained.
2. The models selected for the comparative analysis are briefed.
3. The data analysis & formulation of model equations i.e. DOE are performed using the various
ANOVA tools available in the MINITAB.
4. Formulation of models of different orders/degrees are detailed and based on the results of R 2
obtained using ANOVA tools, model equation-V (R2=98.93%) is considered for Cn2 prediction
and implemented in the MATLAB environment.
5. A maximum average percentage deviation of 3.86% is obtained for Cn2 prediction from the
confirmatory test. In the comprehensive analysis, the diurnal period SAE of 6.9x10 -13m-2/3,
week-averaged SAE of 2.3x10-13m-2/3, month-averaged SAE of 3.2x10-13m-2/3 and seasonalaveraged SAE of 2.4x10-13m-2/3 are achieved in four different seasons: pre-summer, summer,
rainy and winter respectively in one year period.
6. These results evidence the suitability and feasibility of the new model to have more accurate
prediction at our test field. Further, the formulated new model i.e. model equation-V does not
require any additional input factor(s) and the new model predicts the value of Cn2 absolutely
based on the weather data information.

81

COMPARISON OF
DIFFERENT MODELS FOR
GROUND-LEVEL
ATMOSPHERIC
ATTENUATION PREDICTION
WITH NEW MODEL
ACCORDING TO LOCAL
WEATHER DATA FOR FSO
82

Schematic diagram of Laser

Communication Laboratory (LCL)
experimental set-up (transmitter and
receiver) constructed to measure the
attenuation

10log 10 PT /PR
Attenuation

83

Visibility Measurement

10log10 Tth
4.343 log10 Tth R
V

log10 T
Where,

V is visibility in km,
Tth is transmission threshold (2%),
T is transmittance in dB,
R is link range in km
is atmospheric attenuation coefficient
in dB/km
84

Existing Attenuation models

1. M Ijaz model

17

V 0 550nm

q t

where V is visibility in km, is source wavelength in nm,

q(t)=0.1428-0.0947 for fog and 0.8467-0.5212 for smoke
2. M S Awan model

2
2

RH 83.85
RH 113.8

atten 25.75exp
93.89exp

1.026
21.77

RH 85.64

24.46exp
0.4174

T 3.839
atten 36.04exp
0.1298

T 12.74
263.7exp
9.071

26.16exp T 4.189

0.1722

Existing Attenuation models

3. Itai Dror Model

ext
exp a X
i i
4
o
1 RH 100

i 1

1

where
a0 is a constant equal to 10.01,
i are regression coefficients (-13.25, 5.64, 0.0007678, -0.0000281 and 0.002408) and
Xi are meteorological parameters ( (1-0.01RH), (1-0.01RH)2 , T/(1-0.01RH)3, T2/(10.01RH)3 )
and (1-0.01RH)3Ws3.

4. Bataille Model

B B T' B Rh B T'Rh B T' B Rh 2

ln

where

2
B T'Rh 2 B T' Rh B Rh 3 B T
7

10

6
'3

T=T/273.15 is the reduced temperature of the air and

Rh is the absolute humidity in gm-3.

Existing Attenuation models

5. Farukh Nadeem Model

f x a exp bx c exp dx

Coefficients (with 99% confidence bounds)

a=946.8, b= -0.02271, c= 170, d=-2.916x10-5
6. Kim Model

aspec

10 log V %

v km 0

1.6
if v 50 Km

q 1.3
if 6km V 50km

1/ 3
0.58V if V 6km

7. Kruse Model

aspec

10 log V %

v km 0

if v 50 Km
1.6
1.3
if 6km V 50km

q 0.16V 0.34 if 1km V 6km

V 0. 5
if 0.5km V 1km

0
if V 0.5km

where
v(km) is visibility ,
V% is transmission of air drops to percentage of clear sky,
is wavelength and
0 is visibility reference (550nm)

Existing Attenuation models

8. Al Naboulsi Model

0.11478 3.8367
ADV
V
0.181262 0.13709 3.7502
RAD
V

10
dB
aspec

km ln 10
9. Martin Grabner Model

A log e aV b c
where
v(km) is atmospheric visibility
a=3
b= - 1

Existing Attenuation models

10. Probabilistic Model

a1a2 z a1 1 1 z a1
f x
ba

a 2 1

where
z= (x-a)/(b-a),
a1 and a2 are shape parameter with (a1 & a2 >0),
a, b is boundary parameters (a<b) with domain a x
b.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Main observations on existing Aatt

model

Various theoretical, statistical and /or probabilistic approaches have

been used to design the models, which may be suitable only at a
specific/particular geographical locations,
Mostly the necessary data to formulated the models are acquired using
an indoor man-made chamber, through which, it is difficult to
imitate/produce the real-world open atmospheric effects, or using a
short range outdoor FSO link (90m) which can not considered the
effects of inhomogeneous present along the optical path
Models are formulated for a particular season using a smaller amount of
data sets which yields less correlation with the measurement even in the
same season it is designed for and missing of larger data samples and
the samples corresponding to the other seasons as well,
Mostly the experimental data have been collected without compensating
the beam wandering effects i.e beam centroid stabilization which is most
important to have accurate measurement of atmospheric attenuation as
well as subsequently designing and/or validating the models,
It is found that an author has proposed more than one model at different
instant of time claiming accuracy of prediction as in the reference,

Main observations on existing Aatt

model
6.
7.
8.

9.

most of the models prediction accuracy are not tested/validated with the data
corresponding to the long range optical path, and
The general trend of wavelength dependence of the existing models are not alike.
Therefore, it seems to be no general agreement and models, attaining the
generalization is difficult as well as models more suitable for all the installation
locations are nor readily available and the available models do not offer any
suitable means to alter their key factors to make them to fit to the local specific
climatic conditions/test fields.
Further, some of the existing models could not be useful at all at our test fields
due to very less correlation with the measurement values. Thus, building a
suitable weather monitoring station and a real-world open atmospheric FSO link
along with the BWC control system in different locations to cover/record a wide
spectrum of weather/seasonal and Aatt variations simultaneously and subjecting
them to modeling and optimization process to formulate a more suitable A att
prediction model as the function of weather data becomes significant.

Illustrations of input-output response surface plots.

(a) attenuation versus Ws & T, (b) attenuation
versus Ws & RH and (c) attenuation versus T & RH

92

Formulated Models
Linear Equation:

Atten 12.4487 - 0.218101 Ws - 0.0817053 T - 0.115195 RH

Quadratic Equation:

Atten 10.3978 0.16793 Ws - 0.225069 T 0.0570979 RH

- 0.0587006 Ws 2 0.00202767 T 2 - 0.00159008 RH 2
Interaction Equation:

Atten 28.6487 - 2.83927 Ws - 0.373622 T - 0.296224 RH

0.0364545 WsT 0.023798 WsRH 0.00242482 TRH
Full Model Equation:
Atten 66.2563 - 0.932582 Ws - 2.54336 T - 0.609565 RH 0.0678237 Ws 2
- 0.0297737 WsT 0.0169019 WsRH 0.0316436 T 2 0.0113863 TRH 0.000653698 RH 2

Cubic Equation:
Atten - 1.09734 - 3.18118 Ws 2.49896 T 0.277543 RH 0.0667605 Ws 2
0.0381112 WsT 0.0264432 WsRH - 0.106594 T 2 0.00641653 TRH
- 0.0148677 RH 2 - 0.0060649 Ws 3 0.00118457 T 3 9.56075e - 005 RH 3

93

Residual plots of developed regression

model (Cubic Equation) for optical
attenuation
Residual Plots for Aatt

200
150
100
50
0

Residual

99.9
99
90
50
10
1
0.1

Versus Fits

-1

-0.6 0.0

2
1
0
-1

Residual

Fitted Value

Histogram

Versus Order
Residual

Frequency

Percent

Normal Probability Plot

0.6

1.2

Residual

1.8

2.4

3
2
1
0
-1

Observation Order

94

value of Response Surface Model (RSM) for A att predic

Regression Model
Linear
Linear +
Linear +
Linear +
Linear +
+ cubic

square
interaction
interaction + square
square + interaction

R2 Value of
Attenuation
(%)
79.04
89.23
90.37
91.35
98.76

95

Percentage deviations between measurement and

prediction values
Measure Predicte
d
d
Trial
Aatt
Aatt
ID
(dB/km) (dB/km)
1
3.0931
3.0753
2
3.1113
3.0753
3
3.0810
3.0753
4
3.1275
3.0753
5
3.0978
3.0642
6
3.0818
3.0642
7
3.0851
3.0642
8
3.8964
3.8059
9
3.8734
3.8059
10
3.8527
3.8059
Average percentage
deviation

Percentage
deviation of
Aatt (%)
0.5788
1.1706
0.1853
1.6974
1.0965
0.5744
0.6821
2.3779
1.7736
1.2297
1.13663

96

Models Considered for Comparative

Analysis
1. M Ijaz Model
2. M S Awan Model
3. Itai Dror Model
4. Bataille Model

97

Monsoon

Diurnal time series updation of measured

macrometeorological parameters: (a)-(c) and
visibility: (d). MN-Mid Night and Nn-Noon.

98

Graphical comparison of time series updation of

atmospheric attenuation predicted using selected
& proposed models and measured from direct
beam transmission signal power: (a). Root mean
square error value against the particular model:
(b).

Monsoon
99

Same as above for 02 November 2013.

Rainy

100

Same as above for 02 November 2013.

Rainy

101

Same as above for 15 December 2013.

Winter

102

Same as above for 15 December 2013.

Winter
103

Same as above for 14 March 2014.

Presummer

104

Same as above for 14 March 2014.

Presummer
105

Same as above for 12 May 2014.

Summer

106

Same as above for 12 May 2014.

Summer

107

Summary
1. The significance of model design for optical attenuation is explained along with the
measurement technique for visibility and attenuation.
2. The models selected for comparative analysis are briefed. The formulation of
mathematical model are detailed and based on the results of coefficient of
determination (R2) obtained from ANOVA tools, the Eq.(12):R2=98.76% for optical
attenuation is finalized. Average percentage deviation of 1.36% is obtained for
optical attenuation from the confirmatory test.
3. The seasonal average RMSE of 0.043dB/km, 0.040db/km, 0.053dB/km, 0.049dB/km
& 0.051dB/km are achieved for five different seasons: monsoon, rainy, winter,
presummer & summer respectively in one year period. These results evidence the
suitability and feasibility of the proposed models to have more accurate prediction
results at our test field throughout the duration of experimentations.
4. It would be interesting to know if the method presented here for predicting the
extinction coefficient according to weather and wind direction in a mixture of
climates (urban, rural, desert and marine) is applicable to other regions as well.
5. Our experience is that except for extreme conditions such as dust storms, the great
majority of aerosols are often airborne long enough to erase much of their original
source (desert, marine) characteristics. Hence, the model described here may be
applicable elsewhere.

108

MITIGATION OF BEAM
WANDERING DUE TO
ATMOSPHERIC
TURBULENCE AND
PREDICTION OF
CONTROL QUALITY
USING INTELLIGENT
DECISION MAKING
TOOLS
109

Schematic of FSOL experimental setup for 0.5km

optical link: seen left -receiver with beam steering
opto-electronic assembly and seen righttransmitter (red arrow line: optical path and black
arrow line: signal path)

110

Beam spot of 4mm diameter (a) centered (0,0)mm

and (b) displaced (Xdist,Ydist)mm beam spot on
the opto-electronic position detector surface
VEx VA VC VB VD
2
2

VEy VA VB VC VD

x dist

y dist

VRef VA VB VC VD

x dist 2 VEx VRef and ydist 2 VEy VRef

111

Angular Deflection on
OPD plane
0 if VEx VEy 0

0 if VEx 0 & VEy 0

3.1415 if VEx 0 & VEy 0

1.5707 0 if V 0 & V 0
Ex
Ey

4.7123 if VEx 0 & VEy 0

if VEx 0 & VEy 0

arctan y dist /x dist
arctan y /x 1.5707 if V 0 & V 0
dist
dist
Ex
Ey

arctan y dist /x dist 3.1415 if VEx 0 & VEy 0

arctan y dist /x dist 4.7123 if VEx 0 & VEy 0

112

Error Signal
Normalization

2048 VEx 10 /0.00489

Ex
VRef 10 /0.00489 2048
Ey

VEy 10/0.00489 2048

VRef

10 /0.00489 2048

113

PTQ100 for the beam position drift from left center

to right center on x-axis (VEx) and from top center
to bottom center on y-axis (VEy) with curve-fit
model

114

Open loop sensitivity measurement and calibration

of piezo amplifier for (a) x-channel (b) y-channel
with curve-fit models and piezo platform for (c) xchannel from left side to right side and (d) ychannel from top side to bottom side

115

One pattern of measured hysteresis loop obtained

for cyclic variation of control signal in process nonlinearity testing

116

Experimental design and their responses (observ

Normalized Error variables
combination
Trial
y-position
number x-position
Ex
Ey

Control variables (V)

x-channel
Cx

y-channel
Cy

-7

-6.9

5.4

-6.7

3.6

-6.8

1.6

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

80

6.6

-5.2

81

6.6

-6.7
117

Response Surface Model (RSM) Equations

(i) linear Equation
Cx=b0+b1 Ex +b2 Ey,
Cy=b3+b4 Ex+b5 Ey
(ii) quadratic Equation
Cx=b0+ b1 Ex+ b2 Ey +b3 2Ex+b4 2Ey,
Cy=b5+b6 Ex+b7 Ey+ b8 2Ex+ b9 2Ey
(iii) interaction Equation
Cx=b0+b1 Ex+b2 Ey+b3 ExEy,
Cy=b4+b5 Ex+ b6 Ey +b7 ExEy and
(iv) Full Model
Cx=b0+b1 Ex+b2 Ey+b3 2Ex +b4 2Ey+ b5 Ex Ey,
Cy=b6+b7 Ex+b8 Ey+b9 2Ex+b10 2Ey+b11 Ex Ey

0.0960622 6.79259 Ex 0.0596296 Ey

Cx

2
2
0.0045291 Ex 0.197022 Ex Ey 0.0132564 Ey

Cy

0.078861 0.0194074 Ex 7.02274 Ey

2
2
0.0470611Ex 0.0298667 Ex Ey 0.136262 Ey

118

Proposed structure of neuro-controller with 2129

2 multi layer perceptron model

119

Error rate for the learning function (error rate

versus iteration). The learning procedure is
stopped when the final error is below the goal

120

One pattern of neural network structure with coded

weights and bias values obtained from backpropagation training algorithm

121

Results from confirmatory experiment (VRef =10,5, 8V).

Process variables
(V)
Trial
No.

Predicted values (V)

Response Surface
Model

Neural Controller

Xposition
VEx

Yposition
VEy

Xchannel
Cx

XYY-channel channel
channel
Cy
Cx
Cy

4.2678

-2.6814

2.0724

2.1267

2.4324

2.3134

-7.1643

3.5186

-5.9842

-2.9391

-6.4321

-2.8931

3.5781

-4.2716

4.0172

6.9313

4.3215

6.4512

122

R2 values of response surface models and neuralcontroller for Cx and Cy

Response Surface Model
Full quadratic
Linear
l
Linear +
(linear n+
Linear
+
chann
interaction
square+
square
el
interaction)
92.09
Cx
93.31 %
94.41 %
96.63 %
%
91.67
Cy
94.21 %
95.09 %
97.82 %
%

Contro

Neuralcontroller

99.79 %
99.86 %

123

Normal probability plot of considered full model:

percent versus residual for x (left) and y (right)
channel control

Normal probability plot of proposed neuralcontroller: percentage versus residual for x (left)
and y (right) channel control

124

Open loop plant response for multiple set-point

errors: Reference control voltages are (a)
0.21573.8-2.31.6V for x-channel and (b)
-0.163425.3-1.6V for y-channel

125

Validation test results of developed response

surface model (full) and neural-controller for Cx
and Cy

Response surface model

Trial
No.

Value (V)

Neural-controller

Error in %

Value (V)

Error in %

Cx

Cy

Cx

Cy

Cx

Cy

Cx

1.3756

3.1156

5.5903

0.3819

1.4524

3.1276

2
3

-2.9997 -5.0001 14.2714 3.5619 -3.4275 -5.1778 0.0088

6.2845 -4.5006 -0.2021 7.0124 6.2711 -4.8160 0.0112

Cy

0.0069 -0.0032
0.0077
0.0042

126

Percentage of error of control signal predicted by

the neuro-controller in open loop configuration for
x and y channel

127

laser beam spot centroid motion on OPD with beam

steering control off (red) and on (black) conditions.
Figures in the right show the corresponding
histogram of radial distance (from plane center to
beam centroid)

128

Figures in the left show the time series of

photodiode output without (top) and with (bottom)
beam steering and the right show the
corresponding histogram

129

Summary
1. The significance of the beam steering in FSO link is discussed and the related
literature review results are briefed. The construction of terrestrial FSO link for
the range of 0.5km at an altitude of 15.25m with system dynamics study and
calibration of opto-electronic equipments are explained.
2. The response surface model of linear, quadratic, interaction and full (linear +
quadratic + interaction) are developed using the Taguchis method (DOE) and
the maximum coefficient of determination of 96.63% and 97.82% are achieved
using full model for the response signals. The approach of neural-control
design in MATLAB environment is presented and the optimal weights and bias
(goal 10-6) are obtained with 2-12-9-2 structure neural network of multilayer
perceptron model.
3. The information related to the beam displacement and signal power at the
photodiode are transferred (logged) to the computer and on/off line statistical
analysis are carried out.
4. The validation and confirmatory test for full model and neuro-controller are
conducted and the achieved min-max values of magnitude of percentage of
prediction error are -0.2021% & 17.5827% and -0.1213% & 0.1342%
respectively.
5. A best control response is achieved from the neural-controller rather than the
full model controller for dynamic disturbances in closed loop condition and the
results are reported. It is suggested that the neural-controller can be used for
fine steering applications instead of the complicated computational algorithms
found in literature.
6. The capabilities of mitigating the beam wandering are evaluated with and 130
without beam steering technique. The values of the receiver signal are brought

LOW POWER AND COMPACT

RSM AND NEURAL
CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR
BEAM WANDERING
MITIGATION WITH A
HORIZONTAL-PATH
PROPAGATING GAUSSIANBEAM WAVE: FOCUSED
BEAM CASE
131

Schematic of the free space optical communication

experimental setup for 0.5km data link: seen left
-receiver with beam steering opto-electronic
assembly and seen right-transmitter (red arrow
line: optical path and black arrow line: signal path)

132

Hardware design flow graph of data normalization

algorithm in PVs preprocessor unit. Error signal V Ex
and VEy variations -10V to +10V are normalized
with respect to VRef. Error signal of 0V is equal to
800H = (2048)10

133

Direct controller design based on the response

surface model with pipeline registers

Cx b 0 b1 Ex b 2 Ey b 3 2Ex b 4 2Ey b 5 Ex Ey
Cy b 6 b 7 Ex b 8 Ey b 9 2Ex b10 2Ey b11 Ex Ey

134

Typical back propagation neural network trained

pattern coded with weights and bias values
Standalone Linear Time Invariant (LTI) system with
neural-controller in (b) open-loop: incident light
falls on the OPD and FSM. FSM driven signals are
approximately proportional to the values of
process variables and (c) closed-loop: incident light
falls on FSM. The reflected light falls on the OPD
and control signal is applied in feedback control
configuration

135

Global block diagram of clock manager, data

acquisition, neural-controller and UART
implementation in the FPGA device. A,B,C,D,E,F
and G are Main sub-circuits; a,b,c,d,e,f and g are
Pipeline stages

136

Example of a process-time diagram (brief) showing

the pipeline of the computation process of the
neural- controller with process description and
time

137

(a) Schematic diagram of digital clock manager unit

and (b) Eight channel and 12 bit parallel out
bidirectional (-10V to +10V) A/D interfacing and
data acquisition circuit

138

Synaptic weight & bias value memory organization

in single precision (32 bit) floating point data
format in RAM for (a)hidden layer1(HL1) (b) output
layer (OL) and (c) hidden layer2 (HL2)

139

The bipolar Sigmoidal activation function is normally modeled by the

hyperbolic tangent function as
1 e n

a
tanh n

1 e n

1 a 1 a
a'
2

if n L

n( n) if 0 n L

a f(n)

n( n) if L n 0
1

where

if n L

is the slop parameters,

L & -L are the upper and lower saturation limit,
n is the net input to the neuron,
is the slope of the model function and
is the gain of the model function.

(a) Hardware design flow-graph of hyperbolic

tangent Sigmoidal (bipolar) activation function
model as the second order non-linear function and
(b) plot of real & modeled neuron behaviour with
=0.032,=1,=255,n{-255,255} and L=/2

141

in and serial out circular shift register array to

accomplish the multiply-accumulation computation
for (a) Hidden Layer 2 (HL2) and (b) Output Layer
(OL)

142

Multiply accumulation architecture

implementation design flow graph

143

(a) UART RS 232 communication protocol

architecture and (b) communication frame format

144

experiment. Upper plot: reference x&y positions

estimated using expected control data C x(t) & Cy(t),
middle plot: actual x&y positions estimated using
response surface model control data C1x(t) & C1y(t)
and bottom plot: actual x&y positions estimated
using neural-controller control data C2x(t) and C2y(t)

145

Histogram of time series plot of control data

deviations (errors). Upper plot: deviation errors
e1x(t) and e1y(t) estimated from response surface
model. Bottom plot: deviation errors e2x(t) and
e2y(t) estimated from neural-controller

146

Validation test results of developed response

surface model (full) and neural-controller for Cx
and Cy
Response Surface Model
Trial
No.

Prediction value
(V)

Neural-controller

Prediction Error

Prediction value

( %)

(V)

Prediction
Error
( %)

Cx

Cy

Cx

Cy

Cx

Cy

Cx

Cy

1.26

3.43

8.97

-9.25

1.37

3.11

0.00

0.01

-2.24

-5.12

2.53

-2.35

-2.29

-5.00

0.02

-0.02

6.00

-4.90

4.68

-8.16

6.28

-4.50

0.01

-0.01

147

Error percentage of control signal predicted by the

response surface model and neuro-controller in
open loop configuration for x and y channel

148

Time series plot of beam displacements on the OPD

in open and closed-loop control configuration for
(a) x and (b) y-position

149

Empirical standard deviations and position

magnitude average of experiment using the
population length of 10000 data points in open &
closed loop control configuration
Normalized Error standard
deviations

Trial
ID Estimati
on
1
2
3

Open
loop

Position magnitude average

(mm)

Closed loop Estimation Open loop

Closed
loop

x1

0.68

0.17

x1

0.53

-0.01

y1

0.66

0.13

y1

0.42

0.13

x2

0.73

0.18

x2

0.38

-0.01

y2

0.77

0.15

y2

0.68

0.14

x3

0.79

0.24

x3

-0.32

-0.15

y3

0.78

0.21

y3

0.37

0.15

150

Laser beam spot centroid motion with and without

beam AOA compensation control: (a) beam
wandering on 2D-4Q plane with horizontal and
vertical scales of real space. (b) Histogram of plane
center -beam centroid hypotenuse distance

151

A portion of beam angle of arrival measurement

carried out on Jan. 11th, 2014 when Zoffset was
constant

152

Surface plots of radial distance on the 4Q-PD

against measured x and y position errors.
Measurement results: (a) without mitigation
control and (b), (c) and (d) with mitigation control

153

Time series plot of effective scintillation index

measured at the receiver station (after
propagating 0.5Km) using ensemble average of
irradiance of optical signal with the beam
wandering compensation control turned on (red)
and off (blue)

154

Estimated Effective scintillation index using

ensemble average of Photodiode output signal. (a)
A potion of time series plot of ESI estimated with
and without beam wandering control, (b) and (c)
Histogram plot of ESI estimated without and with
mitigation control respectively

155

Summary
1. The RSM controller formulated based on the Taguchis principles is implemented
in FPGA and the individual & combined effects of the input factors on the
response are analyzed using the ANOVA study.
2. The optimal weights and bias (goal 10-6) are obtained from MATLAB
environment with 2-12-9-2 structure neural network of multilayer perceptron
model that is used for hardware design. Novel digital architecture designed for
the hardware implementation of neural controller in the FPGA is discussed in
detail.
3. The developed architecture for UARTRS232 standard communication protocol
is used to transfer (store) the measurement / computational data to the
computer and subsequently on / off line plot updation & data analysis are
carried out.
4. The validation test for RSM and neural controllers in open loop decision making
are conducted and the min-max value of exactness deviation of 1.5V from
RSM controller and approximately .0.06V from neural-controller are achieved.
5. The maximum percentage of prediction error of -4.88% & 9.21% for RSM
controller and -0.03% & 0.05% for neural-controller are obtained from the
confirmatory tests. The greatest control response is achieved from the neural
controller in closed loop control configuration.
6. The capabilities of mitigating the power fluctuation are evaluated with and
without beam wandering compensation technique using unmodulated beam.
The values of the effective scintillation index are estimated and brought down
to the controlled range of 0% to 21.17%.
156

QUALITY METRICS AND

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF
TERRESTRIAL FREE SPACE
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
IN DIFFERENT OPENATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE
CONDITIONS TOGETHER
WITH BEAM WANDERING
COMPENSATION
157

Schematic diagram of the free space optical

communication experimental setup for 0.5km data
link: seen left is receiver with beam steering optoelectronic assembly and seen right is transmitter
(red arrow line: optical path and black arrow line:
signal path)

158

Power at the receiver is estimated by

pe
Pr Pt
exp
Ta Tr

2
2
2

D t R
2
D 2r

where
Dt and Dr are the diameter of the transmitting optics and receiving
telescope aperture
respectively,
is the laser beam full-angle divergence,
pe is the pointing error, and
Tr is the transmittance of the receiving optics.

Characterization of Cn2

The estimated Cn2 is categorized as

Very-weak

: Cn2<10-16

Weak

: 10-16m-2/3Cn2<10-15m-2/3

Moderate

: 10-15m-2/3Cn2<10-14m-2/3

Strong

: 10-14 m-2/3Cn2<10-13 m-2/3 and

Very-strong

: Cn2>10-13m-2/3

BER summary of FSOC data transmission

experiments and comments
Season

Winder

Presummer

Summer

Date /
(Session)

Min
BER

Max
BER

Mean
BER

Comments
on BER trend

17.12.13/
(1)

1.80x10- 4.19x10 2.06x10-

17.12.13/
(2)

9.64x10- 3.72x10 8.06x10-

17.12.13/
(3)

1.67x10- 4.38x10 2.18x10- Variable monotonically

7
-5
6
decreasing

21.03.14/
(1)

5.74x10- 4.93x10 8.43x10-

21.03.14/
(2)

1.51x10- 1.54x10 0.38x10-

21.03.14/
(3)

4.35x10- 4.13x10 2.16x10- Stable with a final

5
-3
4
exponential increase

19.05.14/
(1)

3.64x10- 3.63x10 3.61x10-

19.05.14/
(2)

6.45x10- 6.45x10 6.40x10-

19.05.14/
(3)

5.78x10- 4.81x10 6.21x10-

-7

-6

-4

-6

-5

-9

-8
-

6
-

Stable, slightly decreasing

Variable

Variable, conspicuous bump

Stable with a final increase

Only two measurements

Perfect link: BER0
Variable

161

Eye diagram and the distribution of received bits

0 and 1 for BER evaluation

162

The optimum decision threshold (Ith) value for the data recovery at the
receiver station for the Non Return to Zero-OOK (NRZ-OOK) modulation
scheme is estimated as

0 1 1 0
I
th
0 1

where

0 and 0 are the mean and variance of received bits 0 and

1 and 1 are the mean and variance of received bits 1.

max

I1 I 0

Tmax

1
0

where
I1, I0 are the average detected signal current for bit 1 and 0
respectively and
determined using the constructed eye-diagram.

Q Att Ta Q
max

where
Ta is measured transmittance in different Cn2 conditions

The BER for the NRZ-OOK modulation format is calculated by

Q Att

BER erfc

2
2

The link margin (LM) is thereafter calculated by

Pt S pd L
L geo L pe
tur

Where
Spd is sensitivity of photodiode,
Ltur is atmospheric turbulence losses,
Lgeo is optical geometric losses and
Lpe is pointing error losses.

Illustrations of beam spot when beam wandering

(a) mitigated and (b) unmitigated after
propagating 0.5km link range. The axes are
compressed of mm scales

165

Post-processed eye-diagram for OOK-NRZ

modulation scheme with BWC control (a): off, (b):
on conditions and (c): Q-factor versus
transmittance for OOK-NRZ scheme: theory (solid
lines) and experiment (dots)

BER against a range of transmittance of FSOC channe

in values against the transmittance estimated under d

Cn2 conditions with BWC control

ntal Q-factor variations against a range of C n2 with bea

system off and on conditions

(global) profile on the detector plane after

propagating 0.5km horizontal optical path under
different turbulence conditions. Beam spot and
radial distance are illustrated by red and green
colors respectively

170

Normalized received power against a range of

transmittance with and without BWC control

Experimental Q-factor and theoretical BER

estimation against beam centroid displacement on
OPD

172

Experimental measured values for different level

of beam centroid displacement on OPD.
BER

Sample peak of
histogram (mm)

Hypotenuse
Linguistic

Min

Max

0.1436

VS

6.4516x10-9

3.8421x10-7

0.6141

7.1327x10-7

7.8162x10-5

1.2353

8.5193x10-5

5.3163x10-3

1.8463

5.8341x10-3

1.4184x10-2

2.3142

VH

2.4517x10-2

6.2561x10-1

2.8281

VVH

6.7942x10-2

1.3416x10-1

BER as a function of Q-factor. Theoretical (black)

and measured BER with beam steering feed back
turned off (blue) and on (red) alternatively for
every 60sec time interval

174

Experimental Q-factor variations against a range of

Cn2 with beam steering system off and on
conditions

175

Histograms of OOK-NRZ received signal with beam

wandering compensation control (a) off in weak
and (b) on in strong atmospheric turbulence
conditions

176

Cn2 versus BER with beam wandering compensation

control on and off conditions

177

Measured BER in 600 runs with alternatively beam

wandering compensation turned on and off
conditions with the measurement interval of 60sec.
The horizontal lines indicate the lower and upper
boundary of measured BER in both cases

178

Summary
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

The turbulent atmospheric channel influences on the propagating modulated

optical wave and necessity of the BWC control system are explained.
The theory and numerical technique related to the estimation of Q-factor, BER
and link margin based on the signal statistics obtained from the constructed eyediagram are described. The construction of the FSOC Tx and Rx experimental
setups for the transmission speed of 155Mbps and the link range of 0.5km at an
altitude of 15.25m is explained.
A day BER data measured in each local season are reported through which the
significance of the BWC control is proved. The long-term beam wandering profile
at the eye-piece of the telescope is recorded using a science camera in IR mode
and the beam-spot shape changes are studied. The geometrical interpretation of
the beam wavefront on the detector plane is modeled and analyzed as the
function of beam position information.
The normalized received power in terms of Ta is studied and the maximum
improvement of 0.32 is attained. The average eye-height of 0.36V, Ta within 62%
and 90% and the Q-factor of 4.2 to 6 is maintained almost in all the weather
conditions in the presence of BWC control.
The link margin is calculated as a function of Ta with nullifying the pointing error
loss and found that this FSOC system (with BWC control) is capable of
accomplishing the data communication for the maximum link range of 7km. The
dependency of the Q-factor and Cn2 are studied in different weather conditions
and a greatest Q-factor improvement of 3 and a good stability at the Ith (0V) is
attained with BWC control.
The BER as a function of the Cn2 is also experimentally measured and the
smallest error value (one bit error) is obtained even for 1x10-14m-2/3Cn26x1014m-2/3 in the presence of BWC control. The BER is significantly controlled and
the min-max variations of 6.45x10-9 (1 error bit) and 7.09x10-8 are observed in
the daylong performance measurement.
Therefore it is concluded that the developed neural-controller is the best choice,
adequate and robust one for coupling the PIB into the communication detector in
FSOC system as well as various related applications. The results of this work are
intended for setting up the FSOC transceiver.

Conclusion and Future Work

180

Conclusion
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

As a direct result of this research, the following original contributions

have been made:
The experimental setup, wireless optical transmitter and receiver system
with desired optoelectronic devices has been erected for 0.5Km link
range at an altitude of 15.25m through which the entire research work is
carried out.
A new low-cost dynamic measurement system is developed with high
accuracy of correlation coefficients of 99.92, 99.63, 99.73 and 99.88% for
wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and pressure respectively,
used to continuously acquire the meteorological data which are the only
input to develop model and characterize the turbulence channel.
Separate models are developed for predicting the atmospheric
attenuation and turbulence strength as a function of local meteorological
data acquired in various outdoor environmental conditions (since the
optical wave propagation in the atmosphere is season dependent) and
prediction accuracy of 0.041dB/km for atmospheric attenuation and
0.000631x10-9m-2/3 for turbulence strength are achieved and validated
against the selected existing models.
The optical beam fluctuation due to atmospheric turbulence and the
dynamic disturbance is mitigated by using two different controllers
(developed based on Response Surface Model (RSM) and ANN) and
implemented in MATLAB environment at the receiver station. The
performance of the developed controllers is intensively tested in real
time and an outstanding behaviour from neural-controller is achieved. 181

Conclusion

6.

A pipelined-parallel digital architecture is developed in Field Programmable Gate Array

(FPGA) according to the proposed software neural-controller structure and the timing
performance in terms of correction speed and accuracy is significantly improved.

7.

The quantitative analysis of FSOC data transmission quality and reliability metrics are
measured with and without beam Pointing, Acquisition and Tracking (PAT) system
through which the maximum possible data rate the system could operate is
characterized.

Future Work
The following topics are suggested to extend further the research work reported in this thesis:
1. High data rate: Perfect coupling of received optical signal to the detector plane is
achieved with the developed control system. Simplex data transmission at the ATM rate of
155Mbps is demonstrated using OOK-NRZ modulation scheme. The full duplex FSOC data
link at a greater data rate approximately of greater than 1Gbps or more has to be tested
for different modulation schemes like OOK-RZ, Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), M-array
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (Q-PSK) etc., with
the beam steering system for the increased link range (>2km) to strengthen the
experimental study to understand the maximum data rate that the system could able to
operate (Tang et al 2010; Manish sharma and Chadha 2006). The feasibility and
limitations of real FSOC are to be experimentally verified for multiple source of information
i.e., data, speech, video and etc.
2. Wavelength specifications: This work is accomplished only with 850nm optical source.
Examination of wavelength dependence of the FSOC channel becomes significant to verify
the suitability of the existing atmospheric transmission window or formulating the new
atmospheric transmission window more suitable at the test field. Therefore, the complete
performance of the FSOC has to be tested as a function of multiple wavelengths with the
fixed FSO communication distance.

183

Future Work
3.

4.

5.

Optimization and extension of the control algorithm: The developed neuralcontroller handled only three actuators used for the beam steering application in this
work. This control system has to be extended for more, approximately 23, actuators
to incorporate for the wavefront distortion correction. Comprehensive analyses have
to be carried out on the performance of extended as well as optimized neuralcontroller in wavefront distortion correction with simulation and experimental results.
Coherence degradation: The wavefront global tilt of the received signal is corrected
in this work using FSM. The wavefront spatially distorted especially when the data link
range is above 2km. In this case, the Shack-Hartman Wave-front Sensor (SHWS) or
suitable image processing techniques along with Deformable Mirror (DM) are to be
incorporated to effectively mitigate the atmospheric disturbances (spatial distortion).
This technique increases the accuracy of optical wavefront measurement and
correction in closed loop control configuration.
Enhancement in channel modeling: In modeling of atmospheric attenuation and
turbulence strength (Cn2), Taguchis experimental data ANOVA method is used for the
formulation of regression models. However, formulations of any complex and nonlinear regression models are beyond the scope of this work. Conducting the
experiment in different geographical locations and acquiring the corresponding data
becomes significant. In future work, it is recommended to further investigate this
topic, in order to provide a more comprehensive model, which accounts the weather
data from different geographical and environmental locations for the estimation of
atmospheric attenuation and turbulence strength (C n2). The purposed model will
definitely yield better prediction than the other models in predicting the atmospheric
attenuation and turbulence strength (C n2).

184

Future Work
6.

7.

Strong turbulence: The performance of the FSOC has been theoretically and
experimentally investigated for the very weak to very strong turbulence conditions with
autonomous beam steering system in this thesis. As mentioned in Chapter 6, the
influence of the FSOC channel depends on the strength of the turbulence and the length
of the FSOC link. Turbulence influence increases with the increase of link length. In future
work, the length of the FSOC link should be increased in real world open atmosphere in
order to increase the strength of the turbulence and perform a more comprehensive
experimental study. Note that, the strength of turbulence also depends on the various
environmental factors along the FSOC link (Yang Huichun et al 2006). This will help to
verify log-normal, Gamma-Gamma and negative exponential models and to investigate
the BER performance of FSOC under different turbulence conditions. Adaptive threshold
adjustment demodulation technique could be used for perfect decision making in
reconstructing the received data.
Spatial diversity: Due to the very strong turbulence, the FSOC signal suffers fading due
to multipath propagation, which can be mitigated by spatial diversity techniques such as
Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO) optical antennas can be equipped at the
transmitter and/or receiver sides in order to mitigate the effect of turbulence (Cvijetic et
al 2008; Garcia-Zambrana et al 2009; Letzepis and Fabregas 2008; Fath and Haas 2013).

185

Future Work
8.

9.

10.

Route diversity: FSOC communications link performance is highly affected when

propagating through the time-spatially variable atmospheric environment. In Zvanovec et
al (2013); Libich et al (2012), the route diversity has been adopted in order to improve
signal reception under weak turbulence condition. Therefore, route diversity has to be
investigated for very weak to very strong atmospheric conditions as a mitigation technique
(Garcia-Zambrana et al 2009).
Hybrid FSOC/RF communication using channel coding: The reliability of FSO
communication system mainly depends on the atmospheric weather conditions. One of the
biggest challenges is the attainment of 99.999% link availability during all weather
conditions (Wu & Kavehrad 2007). The hybrid FSOC/RF link combined with the Forward
Error Control (FEC) channel coding is one possible option as the RF system could be utilized
as the back-up link but at a reduced data rate when the turbulence strength is very strong.
The channel coding can also improve the overall system reliability (Ivan B Djordjevic 2010;
Sandalidis 2011). Therefore, the performance of the FSOC has to be studied for different
modulation techniques with different error control algorithms (Lee et al 2011).
Radio over FSOC: Transmission of modulated RF signal using FSO communications links is
receiving a lot of research interest recently (Pham Tien et al 2007). Radio over Free Space
Optics Communication (RoFSOC) system having potential to be a cost effective and reliable
technology for bridging innovative wireless technologies networks facilities (Kazaura et al
2008). RoFSOC is a next generation access technology suitable for transmission of
heterogeneous wireless service signals especially in areas which lack broadband
connectivity. There is a need to conduct initial investigations focusing on studying the
deployment environment characteristics, which influence the performance of RoFSOC
systems. Therefore, it is recommended to investigate the effects of atmosphere on RoFSOC
(Peng Yan et al 2005).

186

List of Publications, Research

Seminar Presentation and Awards

187

International Journal Publications

1.

Arockia Bazil Raj, A, Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J & Raghavan, S 2014, Real-time
Measurement of Meteorological Parameters for Estimating Low Altitude Atmospheric
Turbulence Strength (Cn2),
IET- Science Measurement & Technology, vol.8, Iss.6,
pp. 1-11,
Thomson Indexed (Annexure I)
Impact Factor: 0.592
Status: Published
-IET
Citations: 2
2. Arockia Bazil Raj, A, Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J, Kumar, D & Sivakumaran, N 2014, Mitigation
of Beam Fluctuation due to atmospheric turbulence and prediction of control quality using
intelligent decision making tools, Applied optics, vol. 53, no. 17, pp. 37962-3806.
Thomson Indexed (Annexure I)
Impact Factor: 1.649
Status: Published
-OSA
Citations: 2
3. Arockia Bazil Raj, A, Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J, Kumar, D & Raghavan, S 2014 A Direct and
Neural Controller Performance Study with Beam Wandering Mitigation Control in Free
Space Optical Link, Optical Memory and Neural Networks (Information Optics), Vol.
23,Iss.3, pp.111-129.
Scopus Indexed (Annexure II)
Impact Factor: 0.104
Status: Published
-Springer
Citations: 0
4. Arockia Bazil Raj, A, Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J, Kumar, D & Raghavan, S 2014, Intensity
feedback based beam wandering mitigation in free space optical communication using
neural control technique, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking,
160.
Thomson Indexed (Annexure I)
Impact Factor: 0.80
Status: Published - Springer Citations: 1
188

International Journal Publications

5. Arockia Bazil Raj, A & Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J Durairaj, S 2014, Comparison of
different models for ground-level turbulence strength (Cn2) prediction with new model
according to local weather data for FSO applications, Applied Optics, vol.54, Iss.4, pp.
802-815.
Thomson Indexed (Annexure I)
Impact Factor: 1.689
Status: Published - OSA
Citations: 0
6. Arockia Bazil Raj, A & Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J 2014,Quality Metrics and Reliability
Analysis of Terrestrial Free Space Optical Communication in Different Open-atmospheric
Turbulence Conditions Together with Beam Wandering Compensation Control, Journal of
Photonic Network Communications.
Thomson Indexed (Annexure I)
Impact Factor: 0.750
Status: Accepted - Springer Citations: N.A
7. Arockia Bazil Raj, A & Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J 2014, Comparison of different models
for ground-level atmospheric attenuation prediction with new models according to local
weather data for FSO applications, Journal of Modern Optics.
Thomson Indexed (Annexure I)
Impact Factor: 1.166
Status: Accepted T & F
Citations: N.A
8. Arockia Bazil Raj, A, Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J, Kumar, D & Raghavan, S 2014, Low Power
And Compact RSM And Neural Controller Design For Beam Wandering Mitigation With A
Horizontal-Path Propagating Gaussian-Beam Wave: Focused Beam Case, Neural
Computing and Applications.
Thomson Indexed (Annexure I)
Impact Factor: 1.689
189
Status: P Rev.-1 submitted - Springer
Citations: N.A

International Journal Publications

9. Arockia Bazil Raj, A & Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J , Propagating Optical Wave
Sensitivity Statistical Interpretations on Weather Parameters in on-ground
Wireless Optical Communication System, Journal of Lightwave Technology.
Thomson Indexed (Annexure I)
Impact Factor:
2.862
Status: R1 to be submitted - IEEE
Citations: N.A
10.
Arockia Bazil Raj, A & Arputha Vijaya Selvi, D. Kumar, S. Raghavan,
Performance Verification of a Digital Neural Controller in beam spotting
applications using image feed-back signal, Archives of Control Sciences.
Scopus Indexed (Annexure II)
Impact Factor:
0.3
Status: R1 to be submitted - Polish Academy of Sciences
Citations:
N.A

190

International Conference Publications

1 Arockia Bazil Raj, A, Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J & Raghavan, S 2010, Terrestrial Free
Space Line of Sight Optical Communication (TFSLSOC) using Adaptive Control Steering
System with Laser beam Aligning, Tracking and Positioning, Int. Conf. Wireless
Communication & Sensor Computing, Chennai, pp.1-5, IEEE Explore.
Publisher: IEEE
Citations: 3
2 Arockia Bazil Raj, A, Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J & Kumar, D 2011, Experimental Analysis &
Mitigation of Atmospheric Turbulence Effects in TFSLSoC using Pipelined Opto-Electronic
Architecture, Int.Conf. Communication and Signal Processing, Coimbatore, pp.1-5. Inter.,
Jour., on Infor., and Comm., Techn., (ISSN: 0973-5836).
Publisher: IEEE
Citations: 3
3 Arockia Bazil Raj, A & Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J 2011, Lower-Order adaptive beam
steering system in terrestrial free space point-to-point laser communication using fine
tracking sensor, Int. Conf. Signal Processing, Communication, Computing and Networking
Technologies, Thuckalay, pp. 699-704, IEEE Explore.
Publisher: IEEE
Citations: 2
4 Arockia Bazil Raj, A, Mohammed Ismail, J Niranjan Samuel & Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J
2011, Implementation of Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller in FPGA for steering Tip-Tilt
Mirror in Free Space Optical Communication, Int. Conf. Computational Intelligence and
Computing, Levengipuram, pp.1-5.
Publisher: IEEE
Citations: 0

191

International Conference Publications

5 Arockia Bazil Raj, A & Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J, Sathiya, R, Shanthi, A, Sharmila, M &
Soumya, LK 2012, Low Cost Beam Steering System for FSOC to SMF Coupling, Int.
Conf. Advances in Engineering, Science and Management, Nagapattinam, pp. 4954,
IEEE Explore,
Publisher: IEEE
Citations: 2
6 Arockia Bazil Raj, A & Arputha Vijaya Selvi, J & Kumar, D 2012, Low Cost BER
Measurement in Wireless Digital Laser Communication Link with Autonomous Beam
Steering System, 3rd Int.Conf. Intelligent Information Systems and Management,
pp.146-151.
Publisher: Conference Proceedings Citations: 2
7 Muthiah, D & Arockia Bazil Raj, A 2012, Implementation of high-speed LFSR
design with parallel architectures, International Conference on Computing,
Communication and Applications (ICCCA), pp. 1-6, IEEE Explore.
Publisher: IEEE
Citations: 3
8 Anbuselvi, T, & Arockia Bazil Raj, A 2014, Design and Verification of Pipelined
Parallel Architecture Implementation in Fpga for Bit Error Rate Tester, International
Conference on Research Vogues in Information and Communication Technologies
(ICRVICT 2014), pp. 1-7.
Publisher: Conference Proceedings Citations: 0

192

Research Seminar Presentations

1 Arockia Bazil Raj, A 2009 Presented a talk on Embedded Systems, in the
guest lecture organized by the Department of Information Technology,
Periyar Maniammai University, Vallam, Thanjavur on 14 th September.
2 Arockia Bazil Raj, A 2011, Presented a seminar on Data Acquisition &
Modeling of atmospheric turbulence strength according to local weather
data, in the Staff seminar organized by the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Kings College of Engineering, Punalkulam on
13th January.
3 Arockia Bazil Raj, A 2011, Presented a seminar on Digital Architecture
design for meterological sensors interfacing, in the 2-days workshop
organized by the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Kings College of Engineering, Punalkulam, on 29 th August.
4 Arockia Bazil Raj, A 2012, Presented a demonstration of Applications of
piezo electric actuators for FSO applications, in the Regional Seminar on
Research Opportunities in Optoelectronic devices, organized by the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kings College of
Engineering, Punalkulam, on 13th March.
193

Research Seminar Presentations

5 Arockia Bazil Raj, A 2012, Presented a seminar on FSOC and Opto-electronic
assembly Next Generation Networks applications, in the 2-days workshop on
Recent Advances in Optical & Microwave Engineering organized by the Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kings College of Engineering,
Punalkulam on 30th August.
6 Arockia Bazil Raj, A 2013, Presented a seminar on Wireless data logger design
and interfacing technique for M/m gauges, in the workshop on calibration of
instruments, organized by R&D section, Kings College of Engineering, Punalkulam on
26th July.
7 Arockia Bazil Raj, A 2013, Presented a talk on Parallel Processor Design for High
Speed Opto-electronic Applications, in the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR) Sponsored workshop on Design of Opto-Electronic Integrated
Circuits & Parallel Processor in FPGA, organized by Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Kings College of Engineering, Punalkulam on 24 th
September.
8 Arockia Bazil Raj, A 2014, Presented a seminar on Response surface model and
neural controller design for real-time control applications, in the Staff seminar
organized by the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kings
College of Engineering, Punalkulam on 02nd April.
194

Awards
1 Part of the research work is sponsored by Defence Research and
Development Organization (DRDO), Government of India (GoI), New
Delhi, India under Extramural Research & Intellectual Property Rights.
2 Received the best paper award in the IEEE International Conference
on Wireless Communication and Sensor Computing organized by SSN
College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai-603 110.
3 Received the best paper award in the International Conference on
Research Vogues in Information and Communication Technologies,
organized by DMI Engineering College, Aralvaimozhi, Kanyakumari District629 301.

195

Indian & Foreign Examiners

Thesis Evaluation Report

196

Thesis Evaluation Examiners

Dr. U. Sripathi Acharya,

Professor/ECE,
National Institute of TechnologyKarnataka, Surathkal,
Karnataka

Indian
Examiner

Dr. Chris Dainty,

Professor, Applied Optics Group,
National University of Ireland,
Galway.

Foreign
Examiner

197

Thesis Publication (A proposal)

Book Proposal Requested to IET , UK.
Authors
A. Arockia Bazil Raj

Dr. J. Arputha Vijaya Selvi, Dean

(Research), LCL, KCE.
Reviewers

Dr. U. Sripathi
Acharya,
Professor/ECE,
NIT-K, Mangalore.

Dr. Chris Dainty,

Professor, Applied Optics
Group, National University
of Ireland, Galway.

Dr. N. Ramamurthy
Addl. Director, CAIR
(DRDO), Bangalore

Editors
Control Aspects

Communication Aspects

Modeling Aspects

Dr. Arun
K.Majumdar,
Senior Scientist,
Ridgecrest, California,
USA

Dr. ZabihGhassemlooy,
Professor of optical
Commn.,
UniversityofNorthumbria,
Newcastle,UK

Dr. N. S. Kopeika
Dept. of Electr. & Comp.,
Engg.,
Ben-Gurion University of
the Negev , Isreal

Dr. A.K. Gupta,

Director Photonics
Group,
IRDE (DRDO), Dehradun

Dr. Wasiu O Popoola

Professor,
School of Engg., & Built
Environ.,

Dr. V.P.N. Nampoori

Professor Emeritus,
Int. School of Photonics,
CUSAT, Cochin, Kerala.204

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