DAIKIN

How to Evaluate
Refrigerants?
>Global

Warming Impact

>Energy efficiency & Peak Load

>Flammability & Toxicity
>Affordability - Quick Gain

February 18th, 2011

Daikin US

How to Evaluate Refrigerants? Global Warming Impact2LCCP comparison (3.5 kW Room A/C) based on cooling and heating
Total Emissions =

(1) Indirect emissions

(2) Direct emissions

(3) Emissions during refrigerant production

3.5kW Room A/C in Europe EuP Average Condition (EU Average = 0.43Kg/kWh)
(Kg = Charge volume)

R22 (1.14kg)

(1) 12000

HFO1234yf (1.32 kg) (*2)

(2) 1800

(1) 13000

R32 (0.84kg) (*1)

(2) 4

(1) 12000

R290 (0.37kg) (*3)

(2) 480

(1) 14000

R744 (0.84Kg) (*4)

(3) 390
(3) 23
Disregarding IEC, the charge
volume is 0.58Kg, and Indirect
impact could be reduced by
16%

(3) 12

(2) 1 (3) 0.5

(1) 15000

R410A (1.2kg)

(1) 12000
0

7000

9000

(2) 1 (3) 0
(2) 2100

11000

13000

(3) 23

(Kg CO2)

15000

Precondition for Calculation

- Recovery rate = 30%, Leakage rate= 5%/yr, Source of Emissions during refrigerant production is JRAIA 2004 Kobe Symposium
GWP=IPCC 4th (the EU F gas regulation, the GWP of the IPCC1 apply where R410A is 1975)
*1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, narrower heat exchanger was used to reduce charge volume.
*2 To improve efficiency, HX size was increased : Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe
increased from 3/8=> 5/8
*3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, narrower piping was used.
*4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX was increased x 1.1

How to Evaluate Refrigerants? Global Warming Impact3GWP

Charge ratio %

2500

120

Modified GWP
2500

100

2000

2000
80

1500

75% reduction

1500
60

1000

1810

100

2027

97

40

500

1000
70

1810

1966

500

20
675

472
0

0
R22

R410A

R32

R22

R410A

R32

0
R22

R410A

R32

The direct global warming effect of R32 is only 26% of R22, and 24% of R4
Could be much lower by using micro channel heat exchanger
GWP values are based on IPCC 4th report.
(Note : for the EU F gas regulation, the GWP values of the IPCC1 apply where R410A is 1975)

How to Evaluate Refrigerants? Energy-efficiencies

-

Peak power comparison

SEER Comparison (cooling mode)

HPs Reversible - 3.5kW-Room AC in Europe

(R410A ratio) under cooling condition

Outside 35C, room 27CDB/19 CWB

R22 (1.14kg)
HFO1234yf (1.32 kg) *2

R32 (0.84kg) *1
Propane (0.37kg) *3

If disregard IEC, the

charge volume is
0.58kg, and SEER
could be same as
R22

CO2 (0.84Kg) *4
R410A (1.2kg)

0.7
0.8
0.9
Efficiency ratio

1.0

Consideration:
In terms of SEER, CO2 is the worst, and the rest of
candidates are equivalent to R410A.

1.1

0.7

1.0
Power ratio

1.3

Consideration:
A big difference exists in the peak power under cooling
condition. HFO and CO2 will cause peak power problems in
large cities.

(Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat Exchanger

*1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, used narrower heat exchanger to reduce charge volume.
*2 To improve efficiency, changed sizes: Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe => 5/8
*3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, and used narrower piping.
*4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX x 1.1

How to Evaluate Refrigerants Safety: Flammability -

Consideration on the use of 2L refrigerants classified by ASHRAE 34 and ISO 817

ASHRAE 34: Class 1 = Non flammable, Class 2L Mildly flammable Class 2= Flammable, Class 3 = Highly Flammable

Class 2L

Class 2

(No flame
propagation)

(Lower flammable with low burning

velocity)

(Lower flammable with high burning

velocity)

CO2(R744 )
R410A
R22

HFO 1234yf
R32
Ammonia (Toxic)

R152a

Class 1

Class 3
(Higher flammability)

Propane (R290)

1. Flammability of Class 2L is similar to ammonia. Consideration is ongoing to clarify the safety

requirements to use 2L refrigerants
2. Commercial refrigeration and MAC (wrong use) which employed R290 caused fire accidents in the field
3. ASHRAE 34 recently reclassified R32 & HFO 1234yf down to new Class 2L (Lower flammability, low
burning velocity)

<Fire accident examples>

Beer cooler incident in Australia
10/19/95, CA: charging while engine was still hot
8/18/96, MS: low pressure hose from evaporator blew off
9/27/96, AR: torch used on truck AC unit after venting
refrigerant
Source: US-EPA in Bogota 2008

Propane
explosion in a
New Zealand
supermarket.

Source: EFCTC newsletter

Fire accident in case of HC use for cooking & heaters : ave.68/yr, death: ave.1.3/yr (01-06) ,:Source METI Japan

While risk of R290 (propane) can be addressed with several measures (eg 6
forced
fan operation to lower concentration below LFL), repair and disposal risks remain considerably high.
Source : Risk assessment work on HC refrigerant carried out by JRAIA Non Fluorocarbon Refrigerant WG in
1999-2000.

Estimated Incidents/year in Japan with R290 room air conditioners, after

Measures
60
Reason :

50

-Human errors
during repair &
disposal, which is
beyond the control
of manufacturers

Pessimistic

40
30

- During repair &

disposal there is no
power supply for the
unit, so measures
such as forced fan
operation do not
work.

Optimistic
20
10
0
Transport

Installation

Use

Repair

Disposal

How to Evaluate Refrigerants Cost up Factors -

Component which
increases cost

The Example of Room A/C

Propane (R290)

R32

HFO1234yf

CO2(R744)

Refrigerant price

Cheap

Cheap

Expensive

Cheap

Cost for performance

Compressor,
EX, etc.

Modification required
Same as R22

Near as R410A
Same as R410A

Larger comp.
Larger pipe etc.

Two-stage comp.
High-pressure etc.

Cost for safety

Charge reduction
Joint
Electronic parts
Leak detector
Ventilation

Important (ex.230g)
Special joint
Sealing etc.
Necessary
Necessary

Necessary
Special joint
Unnecessary.
Unnecessary
Unnecessary

Necessary
Special joint
Unnecessary
Unnecessary
Unnecessary

Necessary
Unnecessary
Unnecessary
Unnecessary
Unnecessary

Cost for handling

Manufacture
Supply chain
Installation
Service
Disposal

Special facility
Qualification
Qualified person
Qualified person
Qualification

Consideration:
Propane requires additional cost
when taking safety measures in
application and handling.

Modified facility
Modification
Modification
Modification
Modification

Modified facility
Modification
Modification
Modification
Modification

Modified facility
Qualification
Qualified person
Qualified person

Consideration:
CO2 requires significant cost
for performance improvement.

Required
in Japan

How to Evaluate Refrigerants Early Implementation

-

*1: The figures are by ko Recherche

Difference in
Situations

HCFC to nonODS

HVAC Market
Expectation

HFC Emissions in
2050 (BAU) *1

Containment Measures

Developing
nations

Not started

Rapid

76%

Not in place

Developed nations

Completed

Saturated

24%

Partially in place (EU, Japan)

Early
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NationsisisMost
MostImportant
Important

Change
Changeover
overtotolower
lowerenvironmental
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refrigerantsASAP.
ASAP.
Establish
Establishcontainment
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measuresfor
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Quick
QuickGain
Gain

To
Tosignificantly
significantlyreduce
reducefuture
futureglobal
globalwarming
warmingimpact
impact

Use
UseTechnology
TechnologyAvailable
Available NOW
NOW

Refrigerant application map for ACs and

HPs

(Daikins assessment for the time being)

Todays
Focus

Room
split

Commercial
split

Chiller

Water
heater

CO2
R32

CO2 NH3
R32

Refrigeration

HFO
HFO

Daikin does not produce

Mobile

DAIKIN

Conclusion

February 18th, 2011

Daikin US

Conclusion

11

1. Evaluate not only GWP but also the total GHG emissions (LCCP)
In case of R32, higher efficiency and less refrigerant charge will lead to lower
greenhouse gas emissions. Additional leakage prevention measures will
contribute to emission reduction further, as is the case of all refrigerants.

2. A2L Class refrigerants for all capacity ranges can be used with only
minor modifications
3. Peak load should be considered when choosing candidates.
Not only seasonal energy efficiency but also efficiency in extreme temperature
conditions (peak load) should be taken into consideration. It is important for
the power supply infrastructure.

4. Earn Quick Gain for lowering future global warming impact.

To address climate change issues, quick actions are required.
We are confident that R32 technology is one of the solutions that can quickly
reduce greenhouse gas emissions from refrigerants, in both developed and
developing countries.

DAIKIN

Thank you for your kind attention

February 18th, 2011

Daikin US