TIMBER

Submitted by:
Name: SHANTANU JHA
Roll No.: UG111146
Class: B.TECH (IV/IV)
Branch: CIVIL
Subject: Materials for Engineering Applications
(MM440)
Submitted to: Dr. Brahma Raju Golla,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Metallurgical and
Materials Engineering.
Date of Submission: 09/11/14
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TIMBER:

The wood which is

suitable or fit for
engineering
construction or
engineering purpose is
called timber.
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WOOD:
The organic matter
obtained from trees is
called wood.

Structure of a Tree

(2) Exogenous tress :

The trees which grow in out

wards across horizontal section
of stem are called exogenous
trees.
These trees are only fit for
engineering construction.
Exogenous trees are again
subdivided in to two types.
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Conifers or Evergreen:
They give soft wood.
They have pointed leaves.

Examples:
Deodar
Pine
Chir
Kail,etc

Deciduous:

These have hard wood.

These have broad leaves.
Examples:
Teak

Sal
Shisham, etc.

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Advantages of seasoned timber:

It has reduced weight,
It is strong and durable,
It has resistance to decay or rot,
It takes high polish,
It is easier to work,
Its life is more.

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Types of Timber Seasoning:

The main types of timber seasoning are as
under.
(1)Natural Seasoning,
(2)Artificial Seasoning,
(a) Kiln Seasoning,
(b) Chemical Seasoning,
(c) Electric Seasoning,
(3) Water Seasoning,

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(1) Natural Seasoning:

In the air seasoning or natural
seasoning or natural drying, seasoning
of timber, timber is dried by direct
action of air, wind and sun. In this
method, the timber logs are arranged
one over the other, keeping some
space or distance between them for air
circulation of fresh air.
Generally this type of seasoning
requires few months to over a year, this
is very slow process.
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(2) ARTIFICIAL SEASONING

(a) Kiln Seasoning,
(b) Chemical Seasoning,
(c) Electric Seasoning,

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(a) Kiln Seasoning:

In kiln seasoning timber is placed in a
chamber with some special heating
arrangement.
In this process one thing should be kept
in mind that heating system should be
under control, other wise timber will be
crack or wrap. The time required for this
seasoning is 3 to 12 days. This is quick
process.

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(b) Chemical Seasoning:

In chemical seasoning carbon

dioxide, ammonium carbonate or
urea are used as agents for
seasoning, those are applied in
dry state, the inter surface of
timber dries first than outer side.
This ensures uniform seasoning.
The time required for this
seasoning is 30 to 40 days.
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(c) Electric Seasoning:

In this method electric
current is passed through
the timber logs. The time
required for this seasoning
is 05 to 08 hours.

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(3) Water Seasoning:

In water seasoning, timber logs
are kept immersed whole in the
flowing water. The sap present
in timber is washed away. After
that logs are taken out from
water and are kept in open air,
so water present in timber
would be dried by air. The time
required for this type of
seasoning is 2 to 4 weeks.
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USES OF TIMEBR:
Timber is used in:
1.Building construction,
2.Construction of house posts,
3.Construction of beams,
4.Construction of rafters,
5.Construction of bridges,
6.Construction of piles, poles and railway
sleepers,
Continued--------

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For furniture making,

8. For light packing cases,
9. For high packing cases (for
machinery and similar stores),
10. For manufacturing of agricultural
implements,
11. For making toys, etc,
12. For manufacturing of veneers and ply
woods.
7.

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VENEER:

Thin sheet of uniform thickness of wood

is called veneer.
PLYWOOD:

Veneers used for making plywood are

known as plies and ply wood is made by
gluing together plies in odd numbers.
Gluing is done under pressure.

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DEFECTS IN TIMBER:
Most common defects in timber are:
1. Heart Shakes
2. Star Shakes
3. Cup Shakes
4. Radial Shakes
5. Rind Galls
6. Wind Cracks
7. Knots
8. Dead Wood

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(1) Heart Shakes:

These are splits occurring in the centre
of the tree and running from the pith
(inner most part) to wards the sap wood
from the medullary (vascular tissues)
rays.
In some timbers, these splits are hardly
visible and in some timbers these are
quite permanent.
Heart shakes are caused due to
shrinkage of interior parts due to age. A
heart shake straight across the trunk is
not a serious defect.
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Heart Shakes

Medullary Rays:

These are thin horizontal veins radiating

from the pith to wards the bark. These
carry sap from outer side to inner side.

(2) Star Shakes:

These are splits which radiate from the
centre of the timber or from the bark
(outer side), running in the planes of
medullary rays.
These occur due to severe frost or
scorching heat of the sun.

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(3) Cup Shakes:

These are curved splits which
separate the whole or part of
one annual ring from an
other. These are caused due
to the unequal growth of the
timber.

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Cup Shakes

(4) Radial Shakes:

These are similar to the star
shakes and occur in felled
timber when exposed to the
sun during seasoning.
Radial shakes are generally
irregular, fine and numerous.
In this many splits are
appeared.
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Radial Shakes

Radial Shakes

(5) Rind Galls:

These are typical
enlarged swellings and
occur due to branches
cut-off.

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Rind Galls

Rind Galls

(6) Wind Cracks:

These are shakes or splits
on the sides of a bark of
timber due to shrinkage
of exterior surface
exposed to atmospheric
influence.
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Wind Cracks

(7) Knots:
These are the roots of the small branches
of the tree. These are not harmful.

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Knots

Dead Wood:
It is the deficient in
strength and weight and
is the result of trees
being felled after
maturity.

(8)

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Dead Wood

DETERIORATION OF TIMBER
(OR)
DECAY OF TIMBER:

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DETERIORATION OF TIMBER
(OR)
DECAY OF TIMBER:
There are so many agencies which may
cause decay of timber. But there are
three main harmful agencies which cause
timber decay.

(1) Decay or Rot:

Decay or rot of timber is the result of
the activity of various bacterias and
fungi, which utilize various portions of
timber as food; they require both
oxygen and excess moisture. Hence
timber having moisture content below
25 % will not rot easily.

(2) Insects:
There are so many insects
which attack the wood, out of
them termites (white ants)
are the main insects which
are very dangerous for
timber. Termites of one class
live under ground and eat
wood and forms tubes or
tunnels inside it.

(3) Fire:
Fire is also the damaging
factor for timber. As
timber has tendency to
burn, so fire can damage
it easily.

PRESERVATION
OF
TIMBER

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TIMBER PRESERVATIVES:
There are three main classes of timber
preservatives.
(1) Oily substances insoluble in water
(2) Water soluble salts

(1)Oily substances insoluble

in water:
Coal tar oil is the best known and widely
used preservative material of this class. It
is obtained during the destructive
distillation of bituminous coal. It is
available in many grades and types. It has
high degree of penetration. It has highly
toxic effect to wood destroying fungi.

(2) Water soluble salts:

Zinc chloride is the most extensively
used preservative of this type. It is clean
and odourless.

SPECIAL PAINTS TO SAVE TIMBER

FROM FIRE:
Following paints are used to save
timber from fire.
Diammonium phosphate,
Mono ammonium phosphate,
Mono magnesium phosphate,
Phosphoric acid.

METHODS OF APPLYING

PRESERVATIVES:
Before applying preservatives, the timber
should be completely seasoned.
There are some important methods of
applying timber preservatives which are
given below.
1.Painting and dipping method
2.Pressure process or full cell process
3.Empty cell process

(1) Painting and dipping method:

This is the most common method in which
the preservative material is applied by
means of a brush several times. The
timber is also immersed in a tank full of
liquid (preservative material). In both
types the penetration hardly exceeds
1/16. The duration of immersion and
temperature of solution is increased the
penetration rate.

(2) Pressure process or full cell

process:
In this process, the timber is placed in an
air tight chamber, from which air is with
drawn by creating a vacuum. The cells are
full emptied to receive preservative
material. After that preservative material is
pumped under pressure of 100 to 200 psi
and at a temperature of 120degreeF. As
the timber contains required quantity of
preservative a low vacuum is maintained
to remove excess preservative. Such a
timber is generally used in case of piles in
salt water and railway sleepers.

(3) Empty cell process:

This method is similar to the full cell
process but initial vacuum is not to be
maintained and no attempt is to be
made to remove the air from cells. The
preservative material is applied under
pressure of 200 psi.

Thank
You

Developed by:Nadeem Asghar

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