Lecture # 2, Measurment of Impedance Voltage & Load Loss

TRAINING SESSION ON
QUALITY & TESTING OF

TRANSFORMER
PRESENTED BY
RAZA AFTAB
SUPPORTED BY
JAHANZEB AHMED &
MUHAMMAD SHAFIQUE
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING
TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Measurement of No-Load Loss & Acoustic Sound Level

Measurement of Impedance Voltage & Load Loss
Separate Source & Induce Over-voltage withstand test
(with measurement of Partial Discharges)
Lightning impulse over-voltage withstand test
Heat run (temperature rise test)
Measurement of zero-sequence impedance
Measurement of voltage & current harmonics
Tests on OLTC & Insulating Oil
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
Measurement of Load Loss & Impedance voltage
DEFINITIO
N
It is the absorbed active power at rated frequency and

reference temperature associated with a pair of windings
when rated current is flowing through the line terminals of
one of the windings and the terminals of the other winding are
short-circuited.
Load losses has an importance from the economical point of
view. .
Load loss = ohmic loss of windings and internal connections +
stray losses (eddy current losses due to leakage field)
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
PURPOS
E
The purpose of this test is to determine the power losses (I 2R)

in the windings for the capitalization of losses and for
determining the required loading during the temperature rise
test. The test is performed at principal and extreme tap
positions if the taps provided are > + 5%.
AFFECTED
BY
Temperature, I2, frequency, instrument accuracy at low

power
CLAS factor
S
IEC declare it as a routine

test
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
STANDAR
DS
IEC 60076-1, Clause 10.1 & 10.4 and IEC

60076-8, Clause 10
TOLERANCE
S
PL: +15% of guaranteed value provided total loss does

not exceed guaranteed value by more
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING
than 10%.

OF TRANSFORMER
EQUIPMENTS/INSTRUMEN
TS
1. Motor-Generator Set
2. Adapter Transformer
3. Power Analyzer
4. Precision Current Transformer
5. Precision Potential Transformer
6. Compensation Capacitors
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
MEASURING CIRCUIT
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
PROCEDUR
E
Rated current is generally applied to the HV windings with
the LV short circuited. The test is usually carried out at the
principal and extreme taps. Test current should be close to
the value of rated current as much as possible and the
voltage waveform should be in sinusoidal form with rated
frequency. If rated current is not available, then current
greater than 50% is preferable. The voltage, current and
load losses for each phase should be measured during the
test.
In case that the generator could not supply the system, the
MODULE
-1
reactive power
is encountered by using the capacitor
TRANSFORMER
TESTING
banks.

OF TRANSFORMER
PROCEDURE continued..
The readings have to be taken as quickly as possible to
prevent the temperature changes in the windings and the
applied current should be sustained 25% - 100% of rated
current. This increases the accuracy of the reading.
Now according to IEC the measured value of the losses
shall be referred to a winding temperature 75C. The
transformer is at ambient (tm) temperature when the
measurements are carried out, the loss value are corrected
to the reference temperature (75C) according to the standards as
follows:
MODULE
-1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
The d.c. losses Pac at the measuring temperature tm are
calculated using the resistance values RHV and RLV obtained in the resistance
measurement: RHV and RLV between the line terminals.
DC losses at tm measuring temperature Pdc = 1.5(I2.RHV + I2.RLV)
Additional losses at tm measuring temperature Pac = Pkm - Pdc
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
If the measuring current is different than the rated
current, then the load losses are calculated referring the
rated current as follows:
Pk = Pkm. (IN/Im)2
where:
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING
Im = Measured current
Pkm = Measured load losses
Pk = Load losses at rated current

OF TRANSFORMER
The load losses at reference temperature:
Pk = Pdc. t1 + 75C + Pac. t1 + 75C
ts + t m
t s + tm
t1 = 235C
= 225C
for Copper
for Aluminum
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING
where: Im = Measured current

Pkm = Measured load losses
Pk = Load losses at rated I

OF TRANSFORMER
TEST RESULTS
Following items are recorded in the test report:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Impedance voltage
Measured current
Load losses at the measured current
Ambient temperature
Load losses at rated current & reference temperature
Percentage impedance at rated current & reference temperature
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
PRECAUTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CT secondary should be shorted.

Condenser bushing taps to be earthed.
Readings should be taken quickly to keep the temperature almost
constant.
Voltage should be measured at the terminals to avoid addition of cable
losses.
Applied current should be controlled for gradual increase from zero to
prevent inrush current.
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
DEFINITIO
N
It is the equivalent series impedance Z = R + jX in (a.c.) ohms

at rated frequency and reference temperature, across the
terminals of one winding of a pair, when the terminals of the
other winding are short circuited.
For a 3-phase transformer the impedance is expressed as
phase impedance, in a transformer having a tapped winding,
the short circuit impedance is referred to a particular tapping
unless other specified, the principal tapping applies.
Short circuit impedance voltage is an important parameter for
MODULE
-1operation of the transformers and fault
the parallel
calculations.
TRANSFORMER
TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
PURPOS
E
The purpose of determining the short circuit impedance

voltage is the parallel operation of the transformer and fault
calculations. The test is performed at principal and extreme
tap positions if the taps provided are > + 5%.
AFFECTED
BY
Temperature, I2, frequency, instrument accuracy at low

power factor
CLAS
S
IEC declare it as a routine

test
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
STANDAR
DS
IEC 60076-1, Clause 10.1 & 10.4 and IEC

60076-8, Clause 10
TOLERANCE
S For a 2-winding or specified 1st winding pair of multi-winding :- principle
tapping 7.5% (if Z 10%), 10% (if Z < 10%); any other tapping:
10% (if Z 10%), 15% (if Z < 10%). Auto connected winding pair or
specified 2nd winding pair of multi-winding :- principal tapping: 10% of
declared value; any other tapping of the pair: 15%. Further winding
pairs: to be agreed but 15% of declared value.
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
PROCEDURE
If the measuring current is different than the rated
current, then the short circuit impedance is calculated
referring the rated current as follows:
Uk = Ukm. (IN/Im)2
where:
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING
Im = Measured current
Ukm = Measured short circuit
impedance
Uk = Short circuit impedance at
rated current

OF TRANSFORMER
PROCEDURE
The short circuit impedance at measuring temperature t m
can be calculated as follows:
Ukm = 100. (Ukm/Un) %
URM = 100. (Pkm/SN) %
Ohmic component
Ukm = U2km U2RM %
Inductive component
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING

OF TRANSFORMER
PROCEDURE
The short circuit impedance at reference temperature of
75C can be calculated as follows:
UR = 100. (Pk/Sn) %
Uk = U2R U2km %
MODULE -1
TRANSFORMER TESTING
THANK YOU

Lecture # 2, Measurment of Impedance Voltage &amp; Load Loss

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Lecture # 2, Measurment of Impedance Voltage &amp; Load Loss

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TRAINING SESSION ON

QUALITY & TESTING OF

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

Measurement of No-Load Loss & Acoustic Sound Level

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

It is the absorbed active power at rated frequency and

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

The purpose of this test is to determine the power losses (I 2R)

Temperature, I2, frequency, instrument accuracy at low

IEC declare it as a routine

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

IEC 60076-1, Clause 10.1 & 10.4 and IEC

PL: +15% of guaranteed value provided total loss does

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

where: Im = Measured current

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

CT secondary should be shorted.

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

It is the equivalent series impedance Z = R + jX in (a.c.) ohms

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

The purpose of determining the short circuit impedance

Temperature, I2, frequency, instrument accuracy at low

IEC declare it as a routine

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

IEC 60076-1, Clause 10.1 & 10.4 and IEC

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

Ukm = U2km U2RM %

TRAINING SESSION ON QUALITY & TESTING

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Lecture # 2, Measurment of Impedance Voltage & Load Loss

Lecture # 2, Measurment of Impedance Voltage & Load Loss