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Particle
t
t+dt
dt
t
x dt
y dt
z dt
r
r
r
r
dx
dy
dz
V
V
V
V
u
v
w
. where u P , v P , w P
t
x
y
z
dt
dt
dt
r
aP
r
DV
Dt
Total acceleration
of a particle
Physical Interpretation
r
r
r
r
V
V
V
V
u
v
w
t
x
y
z
Local
acceleration
Convective acceleration
Unsteady flow
velocity
Steady flow
velocity
acceleration
time
Example
An incompressible, inviscid flow past a circular cylinder of diameter d is
shown below. The flow variation along the approaching stagnation
streamline (A-B) can be expressed as:
r
r
V ( x, y 0) u( x )i ,
R2
1
where u(x) U O (1 2 ) 1 2
x
x
x
A
B
R=1 m
UO=1 m/s
Along A-B streamline, the velocity drops very fast as the particle
1
approaches the cylinder. At the surface of the cylinder, the
velocity is
zero (stagnation point) and the surface pressure is a maximum.
Example (cont.)
Determine the acceleration experienced by a particle as it flows along the
stagnation streamline.
r
r
r
r DV V
V
a
u
0 0, since v w 0 along the stagnation streamline.
Dt
t
x
u
u
1 2
Therefore, a x
u , a y a z 0, a x (1 2 )( 3 ) for steady state flow
t
x
x x
0
a( x )
0.2
0.4 0.4
5
5
2
x
0
1
Example (cont.)
Determine the pressure distribution along the streamline using Bernoullis
equation. Also determine the stagnation pressure at the stagnation point.
P(x) u 2 ( x ) P U O2
Bernoulli's equation:
1
1
2
P( x ) Patm (U O u ( x )) 1 1 2 2
2
2
x
2 x
P( x ) Patm
1
P ( x )
2
2x
0.6
0.4
P( x )
0.2
Momentum Conservation
From Newton' s second law : Force (mass)(acceleration)
Consider a small element xyz as shown below.
yx
xx y z
yx x z
yx
y x z
y
xx
xx
x y z
x
Body force
gx
u
v
w
x
x
x
x
y
z
t
similar equations can be derived along the y & z directions
Eulers Equations
For an inviscid flow, the shear stresses are zero and the normal stresses
are simply the pressure: 0 for all shear stresses, xx yy zz P
u
P
u
u
u
gx
u
v
w
x
x
y
z
t
Similar equations for y & z directions can be derived
v
P
v
v
v
gy
u v w
y
x
y
z
t
P
w
w
w
w
gz
u
v
w
z
x
y
z
t
Note: Integration of the Eulers equations along a streamline will give rise to the
Bernoullis equation.
2 u 2 u 2 u
u
u
u
u
P
u
v
w
gx
2 2
2
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
x
2 v 2 v 2 v
v
v
v
v
P
u v
w
gy
2 2
2
x
y
z
y
y
z
t
x
2 w 2 w 2 w
w
w
w
w
P
u
v
w
gz
2 2
2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x