BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 5
The Working Cell
Modules 5.10 5.21
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

5.10 Membranes organize the chemical activities of
cells
Membranes organize the chemical reactions
making up metabolism

Cytoplasm
Figure 5.10
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 Membranes are selectively permeable

They control the flow of substances into and out
of a cell

Membranes can hold teams of enzymes that

function in metabolism

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5.11 Membrane phospholipids form a bilayer

Phospholipids are
the main
structural
components of
membranes

Head

They each have a

hydrophilic head
and two
hydrophobic tails

Symbol

Figure 5.11A
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Tails

 In water, phospholipids form a stable bilayer

The heads face outward and the tails face
inward

Hydrophilic
heads

Water

Hydrophobic
tails

Water
Figure 5.11B
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5.12 The membrane is a fluid mosaic of

phospholipids and proteins
Phospholipid molecules form a flexible bilayer
Cholesterol and protein molecules are embedded
in it
Carbohydrates act as cell identification tags

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 The plasma membrane of an animal cell

Glycoprotein

Fibers of the
extracellular
matrix

Carbohydrate
(of
glycoprotein)

Glycolipid

Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Microfilaments
of the
cytoskeleton

Proteins
CYTOPLASM

Figure 5.12

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5.13 Proteins make the membrane a mosaic of

function
Some membrane proteins form cell junctions
Others transport substances across the
membrane

Figure 5.13

Transport

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Many membrane proteins are enzymes

Some proteins function as receptors for
chemical messages from other cells
The binding of a messenger to a receptor may
trigger signal transduction
Messenger molecule
Receptor

Activated
molecule
Figure 5.13

Enzyme activity

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Signal transduction

5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a

membrane
In passive transport,
substances diffuse
through membranes
without work by the
cell

Molecule
of dye

They spread from

areas of high
concentration to
areas of lower
concentration

EQUILIBRIUM

EQUILIBRIUM

Figure 5.14A & B

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Membrane

5.15 Osmosis is the passive transport of water

In osmosis, water
travels from an
area of lower
solute
concentration to
an area of higher
solute
concentration

Hypotonic
solution

Hypertonic
solution

Selectively
permeable
membrane

Solute
molecule

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

Water
molecule

Selectively
permeable
membrane

Solute molecule with

cluster of water molecules

NET FLOW OF WATER

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Figure 5.15

5.16 Water balance between cells and their

surroundings is crucial to organisms
Osmosis causes cells to shrink in a hypertonic
solution and swell in a hypotonic solution
The control of water balance
(osmoregulation) is essential for organisms
ISOTONIC
SOLUTION

HYPOTONIC
SOLUTION

HYPERTONIC
SOLUTION

(1) Normal

(2) Lysing

(3) Shriveled

ANIMAL
CELL

Plasma
membrane

PLANT
CELL

Figure 5.16

(4) Flaccid

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(5) Turgid

(6) Shriveled

5.17 Transport proteins facilitate diffusion across

membranes
Small nonpolar molecules diffuse freely through
the phospholipid bilayer
Many other kinds of molecules pass through
selective protein pores by facilitated diffusion
Solute
molecule

Figure 5.17

Transport
protein

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

Transport proteins can move solutes across a
membrane against a concentration gradient
This is called active transport
Active transport requires ATP

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Active
transport in
two solutes
across a
membrane

FLUID
OUTSIDE
CELL

Phosphorylated
transport protein

Transport
protein

First
solute

First solute,
inside cell,
binds to protein

ATP transfers
phosphate to
protein

Protein releases
solute outside
cell

Phosphate
detaches from
protein

Protein releases
second solute
into cell

Second
solute

Second solute
binds to protein

Figure 5.18
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large

molecules
To move large molecules or particles through a
membrane
a vesicle may fuse with the membrane and expel
its contents (exocytosis)
FLUID OUTSIDE CELL

Figure 5.19A

CYTOPLASM

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 or the membrane may fold inward, trapping

material from the outside (endocytosis)

Figure 5.19B

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 Three kinds of endocytosis

Pseudopod of
amoeba

Food being
ingested

Plasma
membrane

Material bound to
receptor proteins

PIT
Cytoplasm

Figure 5.19C

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5.20 Connection: Faulty membranes can overload

the blood with cholesterol
Harmful levels of cholesterol can accumulate in
the blood if membranes lack cholesterol
receptors
LDL PARTICLE

Phospholipid
outer layer
Receptor protein

Protein
Cholesterol
Plasma membrane

CYTOPLASM

Figure 5.20
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Vesicle

5.21 Chloroplasts and mitochondria make energy

available for cellular work
Enzymes and membranes are central to the
processes that make energy available to the cell
Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, using
solar energy to produce glucose and oxygen
from carbon dioxide and water
Mitochondria consume oxygen in cellular
respiration, using the energy stored in glucose
to make ATP

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sunlight energy

Nearly all the chemical

energy that organisms
use comes ultimately
from sunlight
Chemicals recycle
among living organisms
and their environment

Chloroplasts,
site of photosynthesis
CO2
+
H2O

Mitochondria
sites of cellular
respiration

(for cellular work)

Figure 5.21
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Heat energy

Glucose
+
O2