Morphology

Word

Are all these 26 items

words?
bolna

bolti

bolo

bakna
kahaw
at
ci:kh
cillate

cillana

boli

bakti

ci:khna

keheti

kehete
keheta

bakta
cillati

cillata

bakwa
s
kahani

ci:khta
baki

bole to

ci:khte

kehen
a
ci:khti

bolta

Item

Meanin
g

bol

Differen
t
manner
s of
speakin
g
activity

keh
cilla
ci:kh
bak

bolna

bolta

bolti

bolte

bolo

boli

kehen
a

kehet
a

keheti

kehet
e

kaho kahawa
t

cillana

cillata

cillati

cillate

cilla
o

ci:khn
a

ci:kht
a

ci:khti

ci:kht
e

ci:kh
o

ci:kh

bakna

bakta

bakti

bakte

bako

bakwas

kahani

Replacement test
uska bolna mujhe achcha nahi
laga

uska tohfa mujhe achcha nahi

laga.

uska kehena mujhe achcha

nahi laga

uska cehera mujhe achcha

nahi laga.

uska cillalna mujhe achcha

nahi laga

uska attitude mujhe achcha

nahi laga.

uska ci:khna mujhe achcha

nahi laga

uska jhu:t mujhe achcha nahi

laga

uska bakna mujhe achcha nahi

laga

Replacement
If you can replace X with Y all other
things remaining the same, then X
and Y belong to a set.
Such sets are called paradigms.

Item

Meanin
g

Noun

bol

Differen
t
manner
s of
speakin
g
activity

bolna

bolta

bolti

bolte

bolo

kehen
a

kehet
a

keheti

kehet
e

kaho kahawa
t

cillana

cillata

cillati

cillate

cilla
o

ci:khn
a

ci:kht
a

ci:khti

ci:kht
e

ci:kh
o

ci:kh

bakna

bakta

bakti

bakte

bako

bakwas

keh
cilla
ci:kh
bak

boli
kahani

Combination Test
*Rani bolta

Rani bolti

Raja keheta

*Raja keheti

*Rani cillata

Rani cillati

Raja ci:khta

*Raja ci:khti

*Rani bakta

Rani bakti

Combination
If X with Y can occur together, all
other things remaining the same,
then X and Y belong to a set.
Such sets are also called paradigms.

How many dictionary

entries?
Item

Meanin
g

Noun

Masc

Fem

bol

Differen
t
manner
s of
speakin
g
activity

bolna

bolta

bolti

bolte

bolo

kehen
a

kehet
a

keheti

kehet
e

kaho kahawa
t

cillana

cillata

cillati

cillate

cilla
o

ci:khn
a

ci:kht
a

ci:khti

ci:kht
e

ci:kh
o

ci:kh

bakna

bakta

bakti

bakte

bako

bakwas

keh
cilla
ci:kh
bak

boli
kahani

Redundancy Rules

Predictable information
-na endings are Nouns
-na attaches to verbs
[X]V: [X-na]N
(Any X that is a verb will correspond
with a X-na that is a noun)

Methodology
Paradigmatic
Morphology

[bol]V: [bolna]N
[bol] belongs to the Vparadigm and can replace
other verbs.
[bolna] belongs to the Nparadigm and can replace
other nouns
[-na] belongs to the
paradigm that changes V
to N

Syntagmatic
Morphology
[bol]V: [[bol]V-na]N
[bolna]N is constructed by
combining [-na] with
[bol].
[bol]V has only one layer
while [[bol]V-na]N has two.
Morpheme-based
[bol]: Free morpheme
[-na]: Bound morpheme

Subcategorization

All affixes that can concatenate

(attach next to) with a particular kind
of Root/Base is called a subcategory.
Subcategorization for Hindi pronominal root [us-]
[us-ne]
[us-ko]
[us-ka]
[us-ki]
[us-ke]
[us-se]

Subcategorization [laDka]
[laDka-ne] dekha

[laDke-ne] dekha

The boy saw

[laDka-ko] dekha

[laDke-ko] dekha

X saw the boy

[laDka-ka] dil

[laDke-ka] dil

The boys heart

[laDka-ki] jaan

[laDke-ki] jaan

The boys life

[laDka-ke] aage

[laDke-ke] aage

In front of the boy

[laDka-se] aage

[laDke-se] aage

before/better than the

boy

Methodology
What would be the corresponding
form for a morpheme X in the
paradigm Y?
Device some way to define
morpheme X and paradigm Y
Paradigms are classified into
inflectional and derivational.

Some distinctions
Inflection

Derivation

Regularity in meaning

Irregularity in meaning

(kehena/keheta/kheheti
)

Same lexeme
Productive
(bolna/cillana/ci:khna)

Cannot be derived
further

(kahawat/kahani)

Create new lexeme

Not as productive
(*bolawat/ *bolni/*cillahat)
Can be derived and
inflected further
(Kahaniyan/kahawatein)

driver khana kha cuka hei.

vahancalak khana kha cuka hei
Which is more natural?
Is driver a Hindi word?
What about painter, plumber, electrician?
All living languages have ever changing
lexicon.

Mental Lexicon

Lexicon

Dictionary

The internal lexicon in

the brain of individual
language user. It is
always asymmetric in
the sense that it can
process/understand a
lot more words than it
can produce.

The abstract
repository of all the
words accepted by
convention for usage
within a language
community. It is not a
real list, impossible to
enumerate
completely.

A subset of the
lexicon. It is more
important to enlist
more frequent words
than less frequent
ones.

Zipfs Law