Tall Buildings

Performance-based guidelines
and regulations
Joe Maffei
Rutherford & Chekene

Jack Moehle
UC Berkeley

Outline
Todays tall buildings
Applicability of PBEE to tall
buildings
PBEE practice needs
PEER Tall Building Initiative

Buildings over 240 ft

(proposed, approved, or under construction)
San Francisco 38; Los Angeles 53; Seattle

Types of
Occupanc
y
CONDO

HOTEL

RETAIL

PARKING

STEEL GRAVITY
FRAMING

Washington
Mutual / Seattle Art
Museum

Buckling
restraine
d braces

Whats different about these

buildings?
High-performance materials
Framing systems not satisfying
code prescriptive limits
Non-prescriptive designs are
accepted in the code by
demonstrating at least
equivalent seismic
performance.
UBC 1629.10.1, 1605.2, 104.2.8

after MKA

What is Equivalent Performance?

Consider both the intended performance
of the code and the performance of a
typical good prescriptive design.
Equivalence to poorly-performing but
code-prescriptive buildings should not
be acceptable.
Use Seismic Peer Review.

Two-Stage Design
Determine the strengths at nonlinear
locations using the building code
requirements
Code (DBE) level earthquake R factor
Minimum base shear

All other actions are designed to remain

elastic under MCE level ground motions:
Wall shear, shear friction, wall flexure outside
of intended yield locations, floor and roof
diaphragms and collectors and connections,
foundation perimeter walls, etc.

Example PBEE
Practice Needs
Acceptability of
yielding outside
base hinge zone.

Protection
against
shear failure

Protection
against
sliding shear

Linear and nonlinear

Elasti
modeling
assumptions
c
UCS
D
Wall

ETAB
S
Mode
l

RUTHERFORD & CHEKENE

EQ3

R
o
o
f
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
[
i
n
]

Wall: Eeff = 0.2Ec

Slab: Eeff = 0.1Ec

'

!OU
l

Time [s]
RUTHERFORD & CHEKENE

PBEE Practice Needs

Structural Design

(Joes top

15)
Minimum base shear
Capacity design factors
Inherent slab-outrigger effect
Story mechanism protection
Wall shear strength
Effective damping in NLRH analysis
Other NLRH assumptions
Effective elastic stiffness
Podium force transfer
Rational drift limits
P-delta modeling
Concrete slab to core wall
connections
Steel framing to core wall
connections
Deep mat slab behavior
Dual system requirements

Applicable ground
motions
(e.g., T = 9 sec)

Ground motion scaling

Input motions for
subterranean levels
Performance
objectives

Tall Buildings Initiative

24 month initiative to advance design of
tall buildings
Main participants
PEER, SCEC, USGS, SFDBI, LADBS, FEMA
ATC, LATBSDC, SEAOC, SEAONC
Project Management Committee (T-PAC)

J. Moehle, Y. Bozorgnia
N. Abrahamson, M. Lew, P. Somerville
R. Hamburger, H. Krawinkler, M. Moore, F. Naeim
R. Lui

Kickoff meeting 11 August 2006

Scope
Tall buildings
Seismic design of structural system
Coastal California
Concrete and steel
Residential focus, but not excluding
other occupancies

Tasks
Establish and operate Project Advisory Committee (TPAC)
Research tasks

Consensus performance objectives

Assessment of ground motion selection and scaling procedures
Synthetically generated ground motions
Review of synthetically generated ground motions
Guidelines on ground motion selection and modification
Guidelines on modeling and acceptance criteria
Input ground motions for tall buildings with subterranean levels
Other tasks to be defined.
Guidelines for seismic design of tall buildings

Workshops, presentations, etc.

Final report to sponsoring organizations

Performance Objectives
Core group: W. Holmes, C. Kircher, L. Kornfield, B. Petak,
N. Yousef

Approach: Obtain input from stakeholders, formulate

strawman performance objective, workshop,
Whatdoyouthinkofthisperformancescenario?
Rareearthquakescenariodamage,
(oneintenchanceofoccurringduringthe50-yrlifeofcondominiumtowers)

Selection and scaling of ground

motion
Core group: J. Moehle, S. Mahin, J. Hooper, T. Yang, C. McQuiod
Approach: Select ground motion bins, analyze building models
to develop response statistics, and test various ground motion
selection and scaling methods against the true result.

L42
L37

Floor number [-]

Storylevel

L32
L27
L22
L17
L11
L6
L1
B5

0.5

1
1.5
Maximum story moment in Y direction [kip-in.]

StoryMoment

2.5
7

x 10

Ground motion simulation,

review, and selection and
scaling guidelines

Core
B. B.
Core group:
group:P.P.Somerville,
Somerville,
Aagaard,
Aagaard,N.
N.Collins,
Collins,R.R.Graves
Graves

Approach:
for

Approach:Develop
Developwaveforms
waveforms
large-magnitudes,
smallsmall
distances
for large-magnitudes,
in
SF and LA,
constrained
distances
in SF
and LA, by PSHA

constrained by PSHA
Review: F. Naeim, Y. Bozorgnia,
N. Abrahamson, B. Chiou, CB
Crouse, D. Dreger, Y. Moriwaki, Y.
Zeng
Guidelines: Y. Bozorgnia, N.
Luco, F. Naeim, J. Hooper, N.
Abrahamson, J. Maffei

Guidelines for Modeling and

Acceptance Criteria
Core group J. Malley, G. Deierlein, H. Krawinkler, J.
Maffei, M. Pourzanjani and J. Wallace

Approach: Workshop to identify key issues, assignments

to experts to develop principles, procedures, and values.

Key issues:

Basic principles, including capacity design

General modeling issues (e.g., effective damping)
Podium force transfer
Modeling of various systems and elements (core walls,
frames, coupling beams, etc.)
Foundation modeling (with Task 8)

Input ground motions for tall

buildings with subterranean
levels

Core Group: J. Stewart, C.B. Crouse, M. Lew, A. Mikami, F. Ostadan, E. Taciroglu

Approach: Report on the state of practice and art, and recommend future studies.
Key issues:
Quantifying ground motions in basements relative to free-field
Reductions of horizontal motions
Introduction of rotation

Are these effects significant at the EDP level (and beyond)?

Importance of flexibility of embedded sub-structure

f
uf

ug

Final product
Guidelines for
performancebased seismic
design of
tall buildings
December 2008

PBEE practice needs

ROOF

13th

BASE

(a)Buildingelevation

Minimum
Maximum
Mean(m)
m+
c.o.v.
Nonlinear
static

Roof
drift,ft

Wall
base
shear,k

Wall
momentat
13thfloor,
1000xk-ft

2.1
6.7
4.2
5.4
0.23

7600
29700
15500
22200
0.43

513
1080
900
1090
0.21

5500

760

(b)Summaryofresults