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MEASURING PARAMETERS
Temperature
Pressure
Level
Flow
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TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT

Expansion Thermometers Based on Difference in expansion


Material : Invar and brass
Range : max temp limit up to 150o C
Appln : Temp Switch

Filled system Thermometers - Liquid Filled, Mercury Filled,


Vapour Pressure
Applicable for local measurements only.
Max. Temperature Range 0 450 C
Feed water, Main steam, Fuel oil, Flue Gas, Bearings of Fan/Pumps
and their motors etc.
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Electrical Temperature Instruments RTD,THERMOCOUPLE


THERMISTOR

Resistance Temperature Detector - PTC (Positive Temp Co-efficient)


Range: 1. Platinum up to 4500 C.
2.Copper up to 1500 C
Applications - Feed water, Fuel Oil, Cold/Warm Air, Flue Gas at
Boiler Exit, Coal Air Mixture, Fan/Pump/Motor
Bearing, Motor Winding

Thermocouple - Seebeck effect.


Types: 1. Chromel alumel 1100o C (44 mV)
2. Iron Constantan
550o C (48 mV)
Range: Up to 18000C.
Applications

- Steam, Drum/Superheat Metal, Hot Air, Flue Gas

THERMISTOR -NTC (Negative temperature coefficient)


Types: 1. Washer Type
2. Disc Type
3. Rod Type
Applications - Winding temp high alarm

PYROMETER - Measured by without physical contact


Radiation Pyrometer
Measurement of Radiant Energy Emitted from the
body.
Applications - Measuring Furnace Temperature

PRESSURE
Locations Of Pressure Gauges:
Boiler Inlet (Before Feed Control Valve)
Boiler Drum
Main Steam outlet
Before spray water control valve
Deaerator
Feed water pump suction Header
Feed water pump Delivery Header
F.D.Fan Outlet
Airheater inlet/outlet
Primary Air header
Furnace
Eco. @ Airheater inlet/outlet
I.D.Fan inlet/outlet
Fuel Oil/Gas lines

Absolute Pressure :
1. Gauge pressure (indicated in the instrument) plus
atmospheric pressure. (Pressure above atmp).
2. Atmospheric pressure minus Gauge pressure (For
vacum or draft).
Kg/cm&Bar
Feed water, Steam, Fuel Oil,
Psi (lbs/sq.inch)
Fuel Gas & Compressed Air
Mm WC:

Air & Flue Gas

Common Pressure Measuring Devices:

Low Pressure

Manometers - Low range 0-100mm.wc


Medium Pressure:
Diaphragm, Capsule, Bellows - It is used for low to medium
pressure measurement. It is Used for
remote measurement.
High Pressure:
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Bourdon Gauge - It is used to measure medium to high pressure

Types/Ranges of Bourdon Gauge:


Materials:

1. Phosphor bronze
2. Beryllium copper
3. Stainless Steel

Factors affecting the free end:


The radius of bend.
The total tube length.
Wall thickness of the
probe.
Material of the bourdon
tube

Transmitter/Transducer

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Resistance Strain gauge type

Capacitance Type

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Pressure Switch
Pressure Switch Application
Furnace pressure High/Low
Fuel oil/gas Header Pressure High/Low
Main steam Line Pressure High
Primary Air Header Pressure High
Lubricating Oil Pressure Low

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LEVEL MEASUREMENT
METHODS OF LEVEL MEASUREMENT:
Direct viewing
1. Sight glass - It have a sight glass connected to the
bottom of process vessel. It is for local
measurement only.
2. Water gauge - Electrical Different substance have
different refractive index. For
control room monitoring purpose.
Applicable for
Open tank:
1. D.M water storage
2. Fuel oil
3. Lub oil tank etc..
Closed tank:
1. Dearator
2. Condenser hot well
3. Boiler drum
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4. Hp & Lp heaters

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ELECTRICAL METHOD:
Capacitance method:
Insert capacitance probe inside the tank. Capacitance

plate will act as first plate and tank will act as a


second plate.
If the level of the liquid in tank is varies

area
between the two plates also change, capacitance will
be change.

So we measure the capacitance level is measured.

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Capacitance type level measurement:

Applicable for:

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Raw coal bunker

Pulverized coal bunker

Dust collector hoppers etc..


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FLOW MEASUREMENT
Applications:

Feed water Flow

Spray water Flow

Main Steam Flow

Soot Blower Steam Flow

Make up Feed water Flow

Total Air Flow

Primary Air Flow

Fuel Oil Flow

Fuel Gas Flow

Units of Flow Measurement:


Water/Steam
Air
Fuel oil
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Tons/Hour
Nm3/Hr
Tons/Hour
Nm3/Hr

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FLOW MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:

Differential pressure flow meters


Orifice meter
Venturi tube
Orifice Plate:
This involves circular metal plate with a central hole
or Orifice concentric with the circumference
of the plate.
That DP is directly proportional to the square
of the flow.

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ORIFICE METER:

Orifice Materials:
Water metering

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: Gunmetal,bronze,stainless steel

Air metering

: Gun metal,monel,mild steel

Steam metering

: Stainless steel, monel

Fuel oil, Coal gas

: Stainless steel

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Venturi tube:
They are virtually three sections in the tube ; inlet (or) upstream,

the throat, and the outlet (or) downstream.


The DP between inlet and throat is measured and is directly
proportional to the square root of the flow.

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Flow Measurement with


DP Transmitter

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I/P CONVERTER

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