Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Principles,
Insights
&
Challenges
Insights
In Hong Kong, a German businessperson is
driving a Lexus; he’s wearing Bruno Magli
shoes, Irish cashmere socks, Calvin Klein
underwear, an Armani suit, with a Gucci belt.
He has a Mont Blanc pen, in his Italian shirt.
He’s going to meet an American investor at a
KFC restaurant, for a Coke. After lunch, they
stop for a Baskins-Robbins (actually a foreign
firm) ice cream sundae. --- OK, that’s a
stretch.
When he gets home, sitting on an ottoman, he
has an Absolut vodka nightcap, while
listening to American country western music.
Challenges
Huge Foreign indebtedness
Unstable governments
Foreign-exchange problems
Foreign entry and government bureaucracy
Tariffs and other trade barriers
Corruption
E-commerce---doesn’t offer complete solutions
Technological pirating
High cost of product and communication adaptations
Global Marketing
Marketing has become more complex.
Increases in new products, product
extensions, high cost of distribution and
shelf space.
Expansion of retailer control and power,
changing media habits, overload of
information, and array of communication
choices.
Ultimate goal of programs
Timing goals
Global Integration Forces
Driving Forces
Technology
Culture
Market Needs
Costs
Free Markets
Economic Integration
Peace
Strategic Intent
Management Vision, Strategy and Action
Global Integration Forces
Restraining Forces
Culture
Market Differences
Costs
National Controls
Nationalism
Peace vs. War/ Stability
Management Myopia
Organization History
Domestic Focus
Challenges
Markets can present higher profit
opportunities than present markets.
Markets can offer size but not profits.
Company needs a larger customer
base for economies of scale.
Present customers are needing
service and products as they go
international.
Major Decisions
Deciding to go abroad
Deciding which markets
Deciding how to enter markets
Deciding on marketing programs
Deciding on marketing organization
Global Marketing
Denotes the use of advertising and marketing on
a global basis.
Marketing is at the threshold of a new and
exciting era: e-business, e-commerce and e-
marketing
Business has two basic functions: marketing and
innovation (Drucker)
New era of competition, demanding customers
More stakeholders (customers, employees,
media).
Global Marketing
Companies need new set of guidelines,
values and insight
Marketing is a Strategic Business Concept
Marketing is too important to be left to the
Marketing Department. (David Packard)
Formulated, integrated, long-term
Hold to the responsibilities of customers,
employees, investors
Global Marketing
Advantages, especially if the companies
emphasize selection, availability, quality,
reliability and lower prices.
Economies of scale.
Lower marketing and advertising costs in
planning and control. Lower advertising
production costs.
Exploiting your best ideas on a worldwide
basis.
Global Marketing
Deciding How to Enter a Market
Indirect Export-Thru export and thru
others.
Direct Export-Handle own exports.
Licensing-License a foreign company to
use trademark, manufacturing process,
trade secret, or other item for a fee or
royalty.
Joint Ventures- Join with local investors
Direct Investment- Direct ownership.
Global Marketing
Joint Ventures-- Join with local
investors to create venture. Coca-
Cola and Nestle joined forces in
“ready to drink” coffee and tea.
P&G with rival, Fater, in Italy and
Great Britain.
Whirlpool formed venture with Dutch
electronic group Philip’s on white-
goods business to leapfrog into
European market.
Global Marketing
Direct Investment--Ultimate form is
direct ownership of foreign-based
assembly or manufacturing facilities.
Can buy part or full interest in a local
company.
Global Marketing
Principle of Research
Understand the consumer-behavior perspectives.
Be sure you are asking right questions.
Use appropriate research techniques and
controls.
Present clear, comprehensive and “actionable”
results.
We study people using geographics,
demographics, psychographics, lifestyles, and
behaviors.
Global Marketing
Bodily adornment, cooking, courtship, food
taboos, gift giving, language, marriage, status,
sex, and superstitions, in all societies, although
each society attaches different values and
traditions.
The world, countries, regions, and subcultures.
Different groups of people share subcultures---
values, customs, and traditions.
Geomarketing uses these differences in foods,
terminology, subculture identities.
Global Marketing
Example: Global youth are notorious for
challenging norms and defying labels. A
study of 27K teenagers in 44 countries.
Insights and motivations.
Six different segments.
But remember that even in a specific
country the teenagers are not
homogeneous.
Six segments in a Teen World values
research study.
Global Marketing
Thrills and Chills. Driving principles---fun,
excitement, irreverence and friends. Expect
everything in life. Make it a goal to get as much
and as many good times. Popular kids in
schools. Brand loyal. Mostly in Germany,
England, Greece, South Africa, Netherlands, US,
Belgium and Canada. 18%
Resigned: Fun, Friends and Low expectations.
Little discretionary income. Cynical. Denmark,
Sweden, Korea, Norway, Germany, Belgium,
Argentina, Canada and Turkey 14%
Global Marketing
World Savers. Defining principles: Fun, Humanism,
and friends. Models of what gives hope to next
generation. Good kids, who care. Technologically
advanced. Motivated by new and exciting. Attracted
by honest and sincere messages. Sophisticated,
sense of humor. Hungary, Philippines, Venezuela,
Brazil, Spain, Argentina, Russia, France, Poland. 12%
Quiet Achievers. Success, quiet, anti-indi-vidualism,
social optimism. Have deter-mination and restraint.
Study hard. Do well in school. Limit outside activities.
Thailand, China, Hong Kong, Korea, Russia, Peru.
15%
Global Marketing
Bootstrappers. Defining principles:
Achievement, Individualism, optimism,
determination, power. Try hard to please
parents. Determined to succeed. Positive
values. One in four in US; 14% overall.
Nigeria, Mexico, US, India, Chile, Puerto
Rico, Peru and Venezuela.
Upholders. Family, tradition, respect for
individuals. Dreamy. Quiet. Good teens.
Follow their parents. Don’t like risks. Use
proven products. Vietnam, Indonesia,
Taiwan, China, Italy, Peru, India, 16%
Global Marketing
Principle of Integrated Marketing:
Marketing is everyone’s business.
“Marketing Community”
Examples:
Coca-Cola, Merrill Lynch, Xerox, American
Express, British Airways, Gillette.
Global Marketing
When all of the departments work together
to serve the customer’s interests.
Works on two different levels: All of the
various marketing functions work
together: sales force, sales promotion,
advertising, PR, Product development,
Marketing research
Plus all of the departments work together.
They must “Think Customer.”
Global Marketing
Global Standardization or Adaptation
Toyota built the Corolla on a world platform.
Ford with its Focus. McDonald’s uses chili
sauce (salsa) on its hamburgers in Mexico.
Coca-Cola is can be sweeter, or less
carbonated.
Adaptation elements: Product features, brand
name, labeling, packaging, colors, materials,
prices, sales promotion, advertising themes,
media, execution.
Marketing programs do work best when they
are tailored to each target group.
Global Marketing
An endless process or principle:
Customer attraction
Customer satisfaction
Customer retention.
CEO is also the Chief Marketing
Officer.
Global Marketing
Principle of Competition: Value War
Create long-tern customer value.
Continuously and consistently crated
customer value.
Look at total customer benefits vs.
customer expenses
Ultimate goal of project
Relationship to other projects
High-level timing goals
Global Marketing
Principle of Customer Satisfaction and
Retention
Look at overall satisfaction and
customer loyalty
Easier to retain a customer than to
gain or win a new one.
Consistently improve customer value
to win the marketing war.
Global Marketing
Principle of Integration:
Learn about the needs and wants.
There are no “average” customers.
Concentrate on the individual
differences while looking at
segmentation, targeting and positioning.
Global Marketing
More on Integration:
Plan for and review differences in
culture, markets, economic
development, consumer differing
needs, usage patterns, media
availability and legal restrictions.
Global Marketing
Principle of Anticipation and Being Proactive.
Not Reactive.
Are you ready for change? Being adaptive to
the marketplace.
Macroenvironment Changes. The high income
growth country has shifted from Japan to US.
Low to medium has been concentrated in
Southeast Asia and southern Asia with China
as a unique, high-growth, large country in the
region and the world. Also look at Singapore,
Taiwan and South Korea.
Global Marketing
Principle of the Growth of Internet and
Information Technology.
Principles of:
– Marketing Planning
– Marketing Mix
– 7P’s
– Controls.
Global Marketing
The old trade model is just old.
It stated that as a product matures,
production would shift to low-wage
countries.
Today, must look at transportation costs,
availability of skilled labor, market
responsiveness, market access and
innovation in product design and
manufacturing. Especially of products
with less than 15% of labor in total cost.
Global Marketing
Principle of Branding:
The umbrella. Determines price and value.
Be more than a commodity.
A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or
design or a combination of them to identify
the goods and services of a seller and to
differentiate them from the competitors.
Identifies seller or maker. We see a huge
increase in the global brands for autos,
food, clothing, electronics and more.
Increasing number of cross-border
marketing alliances.
Global Marketing
Principle of Service:
Service before, during and after sale.
Create long-term value and connect
with customer.
Both products and services. It’s
creating more value.
Global Marketing
Principle of Process:
Commands the company to be the captain of its
supply-chain. It should manage from raw materials to
finish goods. Enhance value-creating activities.
Look at Strategic Alliances/Partners . Can be
suppliers, customers and even parts of competitors.
Benchmarking, reengineering, outsourcing, mergers,
and acquisitions are examples.
Brand, service and process are three value-creating
principles and drivers to win customers and deliver
market share.
Global Marketing
Principles of STP:
Segmentation, Targeting and
Positioning
Process of segmenting. Look at
demographics, geographics,
psychographics and behavior
variables.
Look for market opportunities.
Global Marketing
Principle of Differentiation:
Don’t be different just to be different.
Design and plan for meaningful
differences versus the competitors.
Design truly different and unique
products for customers.
Global Marketing
Principle of Marketing Mix:
Integrate 4P’s and 7P’s.
Offer, Logistics and Competition.
The whole marketing concept.
Global Marketing
Principle of Selling:
Integrate Company, Customers and
Relationships/Partnerships.
Create long-term relationships with customers.
More than personal selling.
Features and benefits of the product.
AIDA: Awareness-Interest-Desire-Action.
Manage communication.
Global Marketing
Principle of Balance:
After focusing on the elements of
marketing---segmentation, targeting,
positioning (STP), differentiation, marketing
mix, selling, branding, service and process,
you need to balance the strategies, tactics
and implementation.
Share of Heart and Mind. Share of Voice.
Dynamic environment. Timing.
High-level timing goals
Global Marketing
Principle of Positioning:
The act of designing the product or
service (company’s offering and
image) to occupy a distinctive place
in the target market’s mind.
Ultimate goal of product.
Differentiation
Relationship to other products.
Global Marketing
Principle of Future:
Manage today’s products by
managing a profit and by servicing
customers of today and tomorrow.
Develop tomorrow’s products.
Look at Marketing Myopia.
Global Marketing
Principle of Global Experience
Counts for companies
Counts in the job market for
employees.
Marketing Audits.
Marketing is not a destination, or a
goal. It’s a process. A moving target.
Wrap-up on Global
Marketing Principles
Companies cannot stay domestic
and expect to maintain their markets.
Companies need to define their
global policies and objectives.
Companies need to decide on how
much to adapt marketing mix.
Wrap-up on Global
Marketing Principles
Market entry and market control
costs can be high.
Product and communication
adaptation costs can be high.
Dominant foreign firms can establish
high barriers of entry.
Which types of markets and
countries?
Global Marketing
Ultimate goal of project
Relationship to other projects
High-level timing goals
Attractiveness influenced by the
product, geography, income,
population, political climate and more
factors.
Review Forces:
---Driving and Restraining