BIOMECHANICS OF

REMOVABLE PARTIAL
DENTURES
By: Dr. Muhammad Ali Faridi
BDS, Mclindent (Restorative Dentistry)
Department of Prosthodontics

INTRODUCTION
Biomechanics basically deals with application of mechanical

principles to biological tissues.

In the oral cavity one would find a number of sources of
stress generation, the human body is built in such a manner
that it learns to adapt to any stressful situation.
However when we try to create an artificial replacement of
that natural component which is lost, we are at a loss in
making it fully functional and adaptable

Our Goal..
Provision of a useful, functional removable partial denture by

understanding how to maximize and maintaining stability in

the prosthesis.
Design a prosthesis where the stress does not exceed the
physiological load.

Biomechanics and Design solutions

Designing a removable partial

denture can be considered as a

multifaceted design problem in
conventional engineering , which is
characterized as being open ended
and ill structured.

The Design Process..

Need
Tooth replacement

Definition of problem
Provision of stable removable prosthesis
objectives
Limited functional movement within tooth-tissue
tolerance
Background information
Forces of occlusion, tissue load-displacement
character
and potential for movement, biomechanical
principles applied
to specific features of this unique mouth,
removable partial
denture component parts assigned to control
movement

BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The supporting structures for removable

partial dentures (abudment teeth & residual

ridges) are subjected to forces and their
capability to resistance depends upon:
1.What typical forces require resistance
2.Duration and intensity of the forces
3.Influence of material used and application
4.Changes due to resistance over time

 Consideration of the forces inherent in the oral

cavity is critical !!
This includes the direction, duration, frequency
and magnitude of the force.
In the final analysis, it is bone that provides the
support for a removable prosthesis (i.e. the
alveolar bone by way of the periodontal ligament
and the residual ridge through soft tissue
covering)
An appropriate design includes the selection and
location of components in conjunction with a
harmonious occlusion.

Mechanics & Partial Dentures:

The connection ??????
An understanding of simple machines applied to the

design of removable partial dentures helps to accomplish

the objective of preservation of oral structures.
A removable partial denture designed without an
understanding of the simple mechanical principles will
do more harm then good.
Machines
1.Simple Machines
2.Complex Machines

Simple Machines

TYPES OF LEVERS

 Cantilever: A beam supported at one end and

can act as a first class lever.

Should be avoided.
The most efficient means of addressing the
potential effects of a lever is to provide a rigid
element at the unsupported end to disallow
movement.

 A tooth is apparently better

able to resist vertically
directed forces than nonvertical , torqueing or
horizontal forces.

POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS OF PARTIAL

DENTURE
The possible movements in a partial denture do not

occur independently but rather occur dynamically at

the same time across the underlying tissue.
The greatest movement is found in the tooth tissue
supported partial dentures, because of the reliance
on the distal extension supporting tissue to share the
functional loads.

 One movement is rotation about an axis

through the most posterior abudments.

This axis maybe through occlusal rests or any
other rigid portion of a direct retainer
assembly located occlusally or incisally to the
height of the contour of the abudments.
This axis is known as the fulcrum line , is the
centre of rotation as the distal extension base
moves toward the supporting tissue when an
occlusal load is applied.

 The second type of movement seen is rotation

about a longitudinal axis as the distal extension

base moves in a rotary direction about the
residual ridge.
This movement is resisted primarly by the
rigidity of major and minor connectors and their
ability to resist torque.

 Third type of movement is rotation about an

imaginary vertical axis located near the center

of the dental arch.
This movement occurs under function because
diagonal and horizontal occlusal forces are
applied on the partial denture.

Tooth Supported Partial Denture

Movement of the base towards the edentulous

ridge is prevented primarily by occlusal rests on

the abutment teeth and the rigid portion of the
framework located occlusal to the height of
contour.
In the tooth supported denture the only
movement of any significance are horizontal.
The use of intracoronal rests is permissible. It
provides not only occlusal support but also
notable horizontal stabilization.

Movements in Tooth Supported Partial

Denture
The first of the three movements can be controlled in a

tooth supported partial denture.

The second movement i.e. along the longitudinal axis
can be controlled using rigid components of direct
retainers , which have the ability to resist torque.
The third type of movement occurs in all partial
dentures,therefore stabilizing components must be
added into the design.

Impact of Implants on Movements in

Partial Dentures

The greatest benefit of implants is to improve

stability by improving support.

Minimizing rotation about an axis in a kennedy
class I or II or any long modification span.

REFRENCES:
McCracken's Removable Partial Prosthodontics , 12th Edition

By Alan B. Carr, DMD, MS and David T. Brown, DDS, MS.

Understanding Partial Denture Design,1st Edition by Kenneth
Tyson , Robert Yemm , Brendan Scott.