??????????????????????????????

????????????,???????2004
?????????????.?.??????????.?????(M.F.Laverty,L.Murphy)
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??????????????????????????????????????.??????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????'????????,????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory(?????????????????????????????????????????).
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:
???????????:Copyright2004?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????.????????????????.
???????????:Copyright2004bytheauthorsofthematerialandtheCenterforBiodiversityandConservationoftheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory.Allrights
reserved.3,
??????????????????????????????????????NationalScienceFoundation(???????????????????????????),CurriculumandLaboratoryImprovementprogram(???????????????????????????,???????????
??????????????????)(NSF0127506),??????UnitedStatesFishandWildlifeService(??????????????982101G017).
????????????,??????????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????'???????????????????????????AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,NationalScienceFoundation???United
StatesFishandWildlifeService.

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.

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??????????????
???1950??1986??????????????????????????45???.???????????.
60%??227????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????.

World Resources Institute. 2006. EarthTrends:The Environmental Information Portal. Available at

: EarthTrends 2001 World

????????????????????????????

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???????????????,????????????????
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http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/delaware/biotrends/trends_invasives.html

??????????

???????????:??????????1???.?????,???????????????????????????,10???????????????????????????????,??????????????????
????????(Cox,1999).
?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????.
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????.
World Resources Institute. 2006. EarthTrends:The Environmental Information Portal. Available at
http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/BIO/maps/250.htm. Washington DC:World Res Institute.

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USFWS:
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Administration/ Commerce Department

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Administration / Commerce Department

???????????????????????????????????
TragedyoftheCommonsHardin,1968
,
,.

: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration

Commerce Department

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1998).

: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration

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(MPA).

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??????????????.

: Center for Biodiversity and Conservation

???????????????????????????
??????(??????????):
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(Barnes,2002).

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NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization

????????????
???????????????.
???????????????????????????????:
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?????????????????:
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??????????????????:
Barnes, D.K.A. 2002, Biodiversity: invasions by marine life on plastic debris, Nature 416:808-809.
Cox, G.W. 1999. Alien species in North America and Hawaii: Impacts on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Donohue, M. J., R. C. Boland, C. M. Sramek, and G. A. Antonelis. 2001. Derelict fishing gear in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Diving surveys
and debris removal in 1999 confirm threat to coral reef ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(12):1301-1312.
[IPCC] Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001a. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, Vulnerability. A Report of Working Group
II of the IPCC, approved at the Sixth Session of IPCC, Geneva Switzerland, 13-16 February 2001. Available from:
http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/wg2SPMfinal.pdf (accessed October 9, 2003)
[IPCC] Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001b. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, The Third Assessment Report of Working
Group I of the IPCC, approved at the Eighth Session of IPCC, Shanghai China, 17-20 January 2001. Available from:
http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/wg2SPMfinal.pdf (accessed October 9, 2003)
Jackson, J.B.C. 2001. What was natural in the coastal ocean? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(10):5411-5418.
Jackson, J.B.C, M.X. Kirby, W.H. Berger, K.A. Bjorndal, L.W. Botsford, B.J. Bourque, R.H. Bradbury, R. Cooke, J. Erlandson, J.A. Estes, T.P.
Hughes, S. Kidwell, C.B. Lange, H.S. Lenihan, J.M. Pandolfi, C.H. Person, R.S. Steneck, M.J. Tegner, and R.R. Warner. 2001. Historical overfishing
and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629-638. Available from: http://bio.fsu.edu/~james/EMNR/jackson.pdf (accessed October
9, 2003)
Langeland, K.A. and K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identification & Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida, USA. Available from: http://www.fleppc.org/ID_book.htm (accessed May 17, 2004).
Laurance, W.F. and G.B. Williamson. 2001. Positive feedbacks among forest fragmentation, drought, and climate change in the Amazon.
Conservation Biology 15(6):1529-1535.
Laurenson, K., F. Shiferaw, and C.Sillero-Zubiri. 1997. Chapter 4. Disease, Domestic Dogs and the Ethiopian Wolf: the Current Situation. In SilleroZubiri, C. and D. Macdonald. The Ethiopian Wolf: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. World
Conservation Union. Available from: http://www.canids.org/PUBLICAT/EWACTPLN/ewaptoc.htm (accessed May 31, 2004)
Malcolm, J.R. and L.F. Pitelka, 2000. Ecosystems and Global Climate Change: A Review of Potential Impacts on U.S. Terrestrial Ecosystems and
Biodiversity, Prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, December, 2000.
Milton, S. J. 1999. A protocol for Plant Conservation by Translocation in Threatened Lowland Fynbos. Conservation Biology 13(4): 734-743.
National Invasive Species Council. 2004. Species Profile: Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) Available at:
http://www.invasivespecies.gov/profiles/canetoad.shtml (accessed June 14, 2004).
Parkinson, C.L., 1997, Earth from Above: Using color-coded satellite images to examine the global environment, University Science Books,
Sausalito, California, USA.
Savidge, J.A, 1987. Extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake. Ecology. 68:660-668.
Woodroffe, R. and J.R. Ginsberg. 1997. Chapter 4. Past and Future Causes of Wild Dogs Population Decline. In The IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist
Group's African Wild Dog Status Survey and Action Plan. World Conservation Union. Available from:
http://www.canids.org/SPPACCTS/awilddog.htm (accessed May 31, 2004).
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Dams, November 2000, Earthscan Publications, London, UK.