MATHEMATICAL

REASONING

STATEMENT
A SENTENCE EITHER TRUE OR
FALSE BUT NOT BOTH

STATEMENT

TEN IS LESS THAN ELEVEN

STATEMENT ( TRUE )

TEN IS LESS THAN ONE

STATEMENT ( FALSE)

PLEASE KEEP QUIET IN THE LIBRARY

NOT A STATEMENT

no Sentence

123 is
divisible
by
2
2
3 4 5
3

2
3
4
5

stateme
nt

Not
reason
statemen
t
true

false

Neither true or false

X-2 9
Is 1 a prime
number?
All octagons
have eight sides

A question
true

QUANTIFIERS

USED TO INDICATE THE QUANTITY

ALL TO SHOW THAT EVERY OBJECT
SATISFIES CERTAIN CONDITIONS
SOME TO SHOW THAT ONE OR
MORE OBJECTS SATISFY CERTAIN
CONDITIONS

QUANTIFIERS
EXAMPLE :
-

All cats have four legs

Some even numbers are divisible by
4
All perfect squares are more than 0

OPERATIONS ON SETS
NEGATION
The truth value of a statement can be
changed by adding the word not
into a statement.
TRUE

FALSE

NEGATION
EXAMPLE
P : 2 IS AN EVEN NUMBER ( TRUE )

P (NOT P ) : 2 IS NOT AN EVEN

NUMBER (FALSE )

COMPOUND
STATEMENT

COMPOUND STATEMENT
A compound statement is formed when
two statements are combined by using

Or
and

COMPOUND STATEMENT
P

P AND Q

TRUE

TRUE

TRUE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

FALSE

FALSE

COMPOUND STATEMENT
P
TRUE

Q
TRUE

P OR Q

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

FALSE

TRUE

COMPOUND STATEMENT
EXAMPLE :
P : All even numbers can be divided by 2
( TRUE )
Q : -6 > -1
( FALSE )
P and Q :
FALSE

COMPOUND STATEMENT
P : All even numbers can be divided by
2
( TRUE )
Q : -6 > -1
( FALSE )
P OR Q
TRUE

IMPLICATIONS

SENTENCES IN THE FORM

where

And

If

then q ,

p and q are statements

p is the antecedent
q is the consequent

IMPLICATIONS
Example :
If x3 = 64 , then x = 4
Antecedent : x3 = 64
Consequent : x = 4

IMPLICATIONS
Example :
Identify the antecedent and consequent for the
implication below.

If the whether is fine this evening,

then I will play football
Answer :
Antecedent : the whether is fine this evening
Consequent : I will play football

p if and only if q
The sentence in the form p if and
only if q , is a compound statement
containing two implications:
a) If p , then q
b) If q , then p

p if and only if q
p if and only if q

If p , then q

If q , then p

Homework !!!!
Pg:

Pg:

96 No 1 and 2
98 No 1, 2 ( b, c )
4 ( a, b, c, d)

IMPLICATIONS
The converse of
If p ,then q
is
if q , then p.

IMPLICATIONS
Example

If x = -5 , then 2x 7 = -17

Mathematical reasoning
Arguments

ARGUMENTS
What is argument ?
- A process of making conclusion
based on a set of relevant
information.
-

Simple arguments are made up of

two premises and a conclusion

ARGUMENTS
Example :
All quadrilaterals have four sides. A
rhombus is a quadrilateral.
Therefore, a rhombus has four sides.

ARGUMENTS

There are three forms of

arguments :

Argument Form I ( Syllogism )

Premise 1 : All A are B
Premise 2

: C is A

Conclusion : C is B

ARGUMENTS
Argument Form 1( Syllogism )
Make a conclusion based on the premises given
below:
Premise 1 : All even numbers can be divided
by 2
Premise 2 : 78 is an even number
Conclusion

: 78 can be divided by 2

ARGUMENTS
Argument Form II ( Modus
Ponens ):
Premise 1 : If p , then q
Premise 2 : p is true
Conclusion : q is true

ARGUMENTS
Example
Premise 1 : If x = 6 , then x + 4 = 10
Premise 2 : x = 6
Conclusion : x + 4 = 10

ARGUMENTS
Argument Form III (Modus
Tollens )
Premise 1 : If p , then q
Premise 2 : Not q is true
Conclusion : Not p is true

ARGUMENTS
Example :
Premise 1 : If ABCD is a square, then
ABCD
has four sides
Premise 2 : ABCD does not have four
sides.
Conclusion : ABCD is not a square

ARGUMENTS
Completing the arguments

recognise the argument form

Complete the argument according to
its form

ARGUMENTS
Example
Premise 1 : All triangles have a sum of
interior
angles of 180
is a triangle
Premise 2 :PQR
___________________________
Conclusion : PQR has a sum of interior
angles of 180
Argument Form I

ARGUMENTS
Premise 1 : If x - 6 = 10 , then x = 16
x 6 = 10

Premise 2 :__________________________
Conclusion : x = 16
Argument Form II

ARGUMENTS
x divisible by 2 , then x is an
Premise 1 If: __________________________
even number

Premise 2 : x is not an even number

Conclusion : x is not divisible by 2
Argument Form III

ARGUMENTS
Homework :
Pg : 103 Ex 4.5 No 2,3,4,5

MATHEMATICAL
REASONING
DEDUCTION
AND
INDUCTION

REASONING

There are two ways of making

conclusions through reasoning by
a) Deduction
b) Induction

DEDUCTION

IS A PROCESS OF MAKING A
SPECIFIC CONCLUSION BASED ON A
GIVEN GENERAL STATEMENT

DEDUCTION
Example :
general

All students in Form 4X are present

today.
David is a student in Form 4X.
Conclusion : David is present today
Specific

INDUCTION

A PROCESS OF MAKING A GENERAL

CONCLUSION BASED ON SPECIFIC
CASES.

INDUCTION

INDUCTION
Amy is a student in Form 4X. Amy likes
Physics
Carol is a student in Form 4X. Carol likes
Physics
Elize is a student in Form 4X. Elize likes
Physics
..
Conclusion : All students in Form 4X like
Physics .

REASONING
Deduction

GENERAL

SPECIFIC

Induction