Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Professor Syed Idris Syed Hassan
Sch of Elect. & Electron Eng
Engineering Campus USM
Nibong Tebal 14300
SPS Penang
Introduction
10 weeks lecture + 4 weeks ADS simulation
Assessments :8 tests + 2 ADS assignments
+ 1 final examination
Class : 9.00- 10.30 lecture
10.30-11.00 rest (tea break)
11.00-12.30 lecture
12.30- 1.00 test
Dates
06/04/02 Morning
20/04/02 Morning
27/04/02 Morning
04/05/02 Morning
11/05/02 Morning
18/05/02 Morning
25/05/02 Morning
08/06/02 Morning
15/06/02 Morning
22/06/02 Morning
29/06/02 morning
06/07/02 Morning
20/07/02 Morning
27/07/02 Morning
Syllabus
Transmission lines
Network parameters
Matching techniques
Power dividers and combiners
Diode circuits
Microwave amplifiers
Oscillators
Filters design
Applications
Miscellaneous
References
David M Pozar ,Microwave Engineering- 2nd Ed., John
Wiley , 1998
E.H.Fooks & R.A.Zakarevicius, Microwave
Engineering using microstrip circuits, Prentice
Hall,1989.
G. D. Vendelin, A.M.Pavio &U.L.Rohde, Microwave
circuit design-using linear and Nonlinear Techniques,
John Wiley, 1990.
W.H.Hayward, Introduction to Radio Frequency
Design, Prentice Hall, 1982.
Transmission Line
Equivalent Circuit
R
C
G
Lossy line
R j L
Zo
G j C
Lossless line
L
Zo
C
LC
R j L G j C
Analysis
I ( z, t )
I z
R j L
V ( z, t )
G j C
dV
dI
V V
z RI z L z
dz
dt
dV
dI
z RI z L z
dz
dt
dV
dI
RI L
dz
dt
V z
dV
dz
dI
dz
dI
dV
I I z GV z C
z
dz
dt
(a)
dI
dV
z GV z C
z
dz
dt
dI
dV
GV C
dz
dt
(b)
Analysis
Lets V=Voejt , I = Ioejt
then
dV
j V
dt
dI
j I
dt
Therefore
a
dV
R j L I
dz
dI
G j C V
dz
d 2I
dV
2 G j C
dz
dz
d 2V
R j L G j C V
2
dz
d 2V
2
V
dz 2
d 2I
R j L G j C I
2
dz
dz
dz
d 2I
2
I
2
dz
Analysis
The solution of V and I can be written in the form of
and
Ae
V Ae z Be
R j L
G j C
Zo
where
z
Be
Zo
R j L G j C
VL A B
and
VL
ZL
IL
A B
IL
Zo
Therefore
Analysis
Solve simultaneous equations ( e ) and (f )
V I L Zo
B L
2
V I L Zo
A L
2
2
2
e z e z VL e z e z
I ( z) I L
2
2
Z o
Analysis
e z e z
But cosh( z )
2
and
e z e z
sinh( z )
Then, we have
V ( z ) VL cosh( z ) I L Z o sinh( z )
and
VL
**
I ( z ) I L cosh( z )
sinh( z )
Zo
V ( z ) VL cosh( z ) I L Z o sinh( z )
Z ( z)
I ( z ) I cosh( z ) VL sinh( z )
L
Z
o
Analysis
or
Z L cosh( z ) Z o sinh( z )
Z ( z ) Z o
Z o cosh( z ) Z L sinh( z )
Or further reduce
Z L Z o tanh( z )
Z ( z ) Z o
Z o Z L tanh( z )
Z L jZ o tan( z )
Z ( z ) Z o
Z o jZ L tan( z )
Analysis
Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)
node
antinode
Reflection coefficient
Be z
Ae z
Ae-z
Bez
Voltage and current in term of reflection coefficient
VL Ae z Be z Ae z 1
Ae z Be z Ae z
1
IL
Zo
Zo
VL 1
Z o
ZL
IL 1
or Z L 1
Z o 1
Analysis
For loss-less transmission line
= j
By substituting in * and ** ,voltage and current amplitude are
V ( z ) A 1 2 cos(2 z )
1/ 2
1/ 2
A
2
I ( z)
1 2 cos(2 z )
Zo
Voltage at maximum and minimum points are
Vmax A(1 )
and
Therefore VSWR s 1
g
h
Vmin A(1 )
ZL
For purely resistive load s
Zo
Analysis
Other related equations
Z max
1
Vmax
sZ o
Z o
I min
1
Z min
1 Zo
Vmin
Z o
I max
1
Z L Zo
Z L Zo
From equations (g) and (h), we can find the max and min points
Maximum
2 z 0, 2 , 4 ,
Minimum
2 z , 3 ,
Zo
ZL
Z L jZ o tanh
Zin Z o
Z o jZ L tanh
Z L Zo
Z L Zo
1
SWR
1
Two wire
cable
Rectangular
waveguide
Microstripe
line
Coaxial
cable
Circular
waveguide
Stripline
C
cosh 1 d / 2a
cosh
1
Zo
d / 2a
or
ln d / a
or ln d / a
for
for
cosh 1 d / 2a
a d
a d
Coaxial cable
b
a
2
C
ln b / a
1
Zo
ln b / a
2
L
ln b / a
2
ckc
fc
2 r
2
kc
ab
Micro strip
Conducted strip
he
t
r
Substrate
Ground
t=thickness of conductor
Characteristic impedance of
Microstrip line
For
60
w / h 1 Zo
ln 8h / we 0.25we / h
eff
eff
For
r 1 r 1
w / h 1 Zo
eff
eff
377
we / h 1.393 0.667 ln we / h 1.444
r 1 r 1
0.5
1 12h / we
2
2
t 2he
ln
1
Where e
he h 2 t
w=width of strip
h=height and
t=thickness
Microstrip width
Zo r 1
A
60 2
60 2
B
Zo r
For A>1.52
1/ 2
r 1
0.11
0.23
r 1
r
8 exp( A)
W /h
exp(2 A) 2
For A<1.52
2
r 1
0.61
W / h B 1 ln 2 B 1
lb B 1 0.39
2 r
r
Simple Calculation
377
Zo
w
r 2
h
377
w/ h
2
r Zo
Approximation only
Microstrip components
Capacitance
Inductance
Short/Open stub
Open stub
Transformer
Resonator
Capacitance
Zoc
Zo
For
For
Zo
Z oc c1
C
sin
Z oc 2c1
2
3 108
c1
m/s
r
Inductance
ZoL
Zo
For
For
Zo
Z oL
L
c1
Z oL
L
sin
c1
3 108
c1
m/s
r
Short Stub
Zo
ZL
Zo
Zo
Z
Z sc X L jZ o tan
tan
X L / Zo
360 eff
Open stub
Zo
ZL
Zo
Zo
Z
Z oc X c jZ o cot
cot
X c / Zo
360 eff
Quarter-wave transformer
Zo
ZT
At maximum point
Z L Zo
Z L Zo
x
2
in radian
Zo
ZL
Zmx/min
1
s
1
Z ( x) max Z o s
ZT Z in Z mx Z o .Z o s Z o s
Quarter-wave transformer
at minimum point
Z L Zo
Z L Zo
x
2
in radian
1
s
1
Z ( x) min Z o / s
ZT Z in Z min Z o .Z o / s Z o / s
Resonator
Circular disk/ring
feeding
a
a
1.841o
2 r
a
4
* These components usually use for resonators
R Z o
Zo
L
2 o
C
Zo
n/2
o L
R
2 2
o2 L
where
Zo
n/2
R
Zo
C
2 o Z o
L
o 2C
Q o RC
2 2
where
Zo
/4
R
Zo
C
4 o Z o
L
o 2C
Q o RC
4 2
where
Rectangular waveguide
b
ZTE
a
Cut-off frequency of TE or TM mode
f cmn
g 2
1
2
o 2
c 2
g
o
ZTM
n
b
Conductor attenuation for TE10
c
Rs
a b g
2b 2 a3 o2
Rs
o
2
Np / m
Example
Given that a= 2.286cm , b=1.016cm and xS/m.
What are the mode and attenuation for 10GHz?
1
2
Calculation
TE10
a=2.286mm, b=1.016mm, m=1 and n=0 ,thus we have
f c10
3 108
2
0
.
002286
Example
Mode
fcmn
TE10
6.562 GHz
TE20
13.123GHz
TE01
14.764GHz
TE11
16.156GHz
TE10
6.562GHz
TE20 TE01
13.123GHz14.764GHz
TE11
16.156GHz
continue
o
a
Rs
or
158.05m 1
o
0.026
2
3
Rs
a b g
2b 2 a3 o2 0.0125
Np / m
Evanescent mode
Mode that propagates below cutoff frequency of a wave guide is
called evanescent mode
Wave propagation constant is
kc 2 2 o2
2 kc 2 o2
=attenuation
=phase constant
o 2
Cylindrical waveguide
a
p'n1
p'n2
p'n3
3.832
7.016
10.174
1.841
5.331
8.536
3.054
6.706
9.97
TE mode
,
pnm
f cnm
2 a
2
nm o2 kcnm
,
g
pnm
ZTE
kcnm
o
a
2
Rs
o
kc112
c
2
a o g
p '11
1
continue
a
pn1
pn2
pn3
2.405
5.520
8.654
3.832
7.016
10.174
5.135
8.417
11.620
TM mode
pnm
f cnm
2 a
2
nm o2 kcnm
pnm
o
g
TM01 is preferable for long haul
transmission
kcnm
ZTM
Example
Find the cutoff wavelength of the first four modes of a circular waveguide
of radius 1cm
2nd mode
Refer to tables
TM modes
TE modes
n
p'n1
p'n2
p'n3
pn1
pn2
pn3
3.832
7.016
10.174
2.405
5.520
8.654
1.841
5.331
8.536
3.832
7.016
10.174
3.054
6.706
9.97
5.135
8.417
11.620
1st mode
3rd &4th
modes
Calculation
pnm
f cnm
2 a
cnm
2a
pnm
2 0.01
c11
0.0341m
1.841
2 0.01
c 01
0.0261m
2.405
nd
c 01
c11
2 0.01
0.0164m
3.832
Stripline
b
Zo
30 b
r We 0.441b
We W
W
0.35
b
We W
0.35 W / b 2
b
b
W
0.35
b
Continue
On the other hand we can calculate the width of
stripline for a given characteristic impedance
W
30
0.441
b
r Zo
W
0.85 0.6
b
30
0.441
r Zo
r Z o 120
for
for
r Z o 120
Continue
2.7 103 Rs r Z o
A
30 b t
c
0.16 Rs B
Z ob
Where
2W
bt
2b t
A 1
ln
b t b t
t
for r Z o 120
for r Z o 120
b
0.414t 1 4 W
B 1
ln
0.5
0.5W 0.7t
W
2
t
t =thickness of the strip