Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Work Measurement
Operations
Operations Management
Management -- 55thth Edition
Edition
Roberta Russell & Bernard W. Taylor, III
Beni Asllani
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
Lecture Outline
Time Studies
Work Sampling
Supplement 8-2
Work Measurement
Determining how long it takes to do a job
Growing importance in service sector
Time studies
Standard time
is time required by an average worker to perform a job once
incentive piece-rate wage system based on time study
Supplement 8-3
Stopwatch Time
Study Basic Steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Supplement 8-4
Supplement 8-5
Date
Sandwich Assembly
Operator
Smith
Approval
Jones
Observer
Russell
Cycles
1
Grasp and lay
1 out bread slices
Spread mayonnaise
2 on both slices
Summary
7
10
.04 .05 .05 .04 .06 .05 .06 .06 .07 .05
R .04
t .07
.06
R .11
t .12
.11
.12
.13
.13
5/17
.08
.13
.10
.12
.09
.14
.08
RF
Nt
Place top on sandwich, t .10 .12 .08 .09 .11 .11 .10 .10 .12 .10 1.03 .103 1.10 .113
Slice, and stack
R .33 .67 1.01 1.34 1.71 2.07 2.44 2.82 3.24 3.61
R .23 .55
Supplement 8-6
Performing a Time
Study (cont.)
Average element time = t =
0.53
t
=
= 0.053
10
10
Supplement 8-7
Performing a Time
Study (cont.)
How many sandwiches can be made in 2 hours?
120 min
= 269.7 or 270 sandwiches
0.445 min/sandwich
Example 17.3
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Supplement 8-8
Number of Cycles
To determine sample size:
n=
zs
eT
where
z=
number of standard deviations from the
mean in a normal distribution reflecting a level of
statistical confidence
(xi - x)2
n-1
T=
study
e=
s=
= sample standard
deviation from sample time study
Supplement 8-9
n=
zs
eT
(1.96)(0.03)
=
= 10.61 or 11
(0.05)(0.361)
Supplement 8-10
predetermined job
element times
Predetermined motion
times (for micro-motions)
Time measurement units
Advantages
Disadvantages
worker cooperation
unnecessary
workplace uninterrupted
performance ratings
unnecessary
consistent.
ignores job context
may not reflect skills and
abilities of local workers
Supplement 8-11
20 19.2
18.2
22.1
15.6
37.5
1.39
Dynamic
factor
Static
constant
TMU
0
2.2
12.5
Supplement 8-12
Work Sampling
Determines the proportion of time a worker
spends on activities
Primary uses of work sampling are to
determine
ratio delay
Supplement 8-13
where
z
e
p(1 - p)
n=
sample size (number of sample
observations)
z=
number of standard deviations from mean
for desired level of confidence
e=
degree of allowable error in sample
estimate
p=
proportion of time spent on a work activity
Copyright 2006
John Wileyprior
& Sons,to
Inc.calculating work sample
Supplement 8-14
estimated
Supplement 8-15
z
e
1.96
p(1 - p) =
(0.3)(0.7) = 2016.84 or 2017
0.02
z
e
1.96
p(1 - p) =
(0.38)(0.62) = 2263
0.02
Supplement 8-16