JF302 Material

Technology 1
1.0 MATERIAL STRUCTURE AND BINARY ALLOY
SYSTEM

1.1 Material structure and

element periodical table EPT

1.1.1 The terminology of:

Atom
Consist primarily three basic subatomic particles:- protons,
neutrons and electrons.
Basic unit of matter that consist of a dense; solid, liquid and
vapour.
Contains central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively
charged electrons.

b. Element
Chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by
its atomic number.
Eg:O2, H2, CL2 and N2.

1.1.1 The terminology of:

c. Mixture
The molecules of two or more different substances are mixed in the
form of alloys, solutions, suspension and colloids.
A material system made up by two or more different substance
which are mixed together but are not combined chemically.
d. Compound
Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical
elements that can be separated into simpler substance by chemical
reaction.
Eg; H2O and HCl

1.1.2 Atomic numbers and atomic mass of EPT.

a.Atomic numbers
The number of proton (positively charged particles) that arc in its
nucleus.
In a neutral atom the atomic number = to the number of electrons
in its charge cloud.
b. Atomic masses
Relative atomic mass of an alement in the mass in grams of
6.023x1023 atoms (Avogadros number,NA ) of the element.

1.2 Atomic Numbers, Atomic Masses and

Atomic Orbits
1. Atomic Numbers
Neutral atom = numbers of proton = numbers of electron
2. Atomic Masses and Atomic Weight
Atomic Weight = Atomic masses of element/Atomic masses of Hydrogen
Atomic Masses = atomic numbers
= number of proton + number of neutron
3. Atomic Orbits
Using the 2n2 formula to state the total of atoms in every orbit, where
n is total of orbit
1st orbit, n = 1
Total of atom = 2 (1)2 = 2
2nd orbit, n = 2
Total of atom = 2 (2)2 = 8

1.1.3 Total number of atomic orbits

Table 1.1.3: Maximum number
of electrons for each principal
atomic shell

Atomic
number

Symbol

Atomic mass

Example:
Potassium with atomic number 19;
the orbital should be:

1.3 Periodic Table of the Elements

1. It is a chart of list of elements which all the elements with same chemical
properties in one line as one group.
2. The horizontal rows of elements on the periodic table called periods. The vertical
columns called groups or families.
3. Characteristics :
i. 18 lines of boxes in vertical, 7 lines of boxes in horizontal
ii. 8 groups start with group I until VIII
iii. arrange by atomic number start with Hydrogen
iv. elements in same line horizontally has same total of orbits
v. chemical properties of an atom depend on total of valency atom
vi. when electron are followed from group I to group III, metal properties of an
element become lessen but total of electron will increase and become the non-metal
properties
vii. elements in group I has 1 electron in outer orbit, elements in group II has 2
electron in outer orbit
viii. each period has same total of orbits

4. Usages :
i. to classified certain elements easier
ii. as a revision where elements reactive properties can be known
(way to the right, the reactive properties are lessen)
iii. elements in first group has same chemical properties
iv. easier to acknowledge certain unknown element and also its
properties and the usage
v. easier to analyze and understand every reaction between the
elements

1.4 Crystal Structures

1.It is atomic arrangements which have a repetitive pattern in all the
three dimensions of space are called crystal structures or crystals.

Fig 1 : Structure and grain boundaries

2. There are 4 types well-known crystal structures and it was :

(i) simple cube

(ii) body centered cubic/ BCC

(iii) face centered cubic/ FCC

(iv) hexagonal close packed/ HCP

1.5 Types of Bonding

1.5.1 Covalent Bonding
Occurs when two atoms (same elements) have a tendency to
accept electrons which are satisfied for both by sharing the
electron
valency.

Cl2 molecules. Couple of sharing electrons

1.5.2 Metallic Bonding

Occurs when two metal atoms have a tendency to give up
their electrons and shared with all atoms close to them and
formed of an electron cloud that spreads throughout the
solid metal.

1.5.3 Ionic / Electrovalence Bonding

Exists between two unlike atoms that had a strong tendency to
give up electrons (a metal), close to an atom that has a strong
tendency to accept electrons (a nonmetal) and allows a transfer
of one or more electrons depending on the valence of the atoms
an example is natrium chloride (NaCl)

Before

After
electron
transferred
from natrium
to chlorine

Na
2.8.1

Cl
2.8.7

1.6 The Stages Of Grain Structures Formation

1. Solidification process occurs along with the grain
formation.
2. Nucleus tips freely find their own way to much
colder place.
3. Causing the nucleus to grow and expanding.
4. The expand will form the secondary dendrite
arm with 90 degree to each other.
5. This will continue until a structure called
dendrite structure existed.

Fig 2:The Stages Of Grain Structures Formation

1.7 The Differences Between Base Metal

and Alloy
1. Base metal
metal has same elements, extreme
properties and cannot fulfill the need for
engineering work.
its characteristics :
(i) malleable can be shape to many form
(ii) ductile can be form to fine wire
2. Alloy
a metal alloy is a combination of two or
more metals or a metal and a non-metals.

1.8 Types Of Solid Solutions

Disordered Solid Solution
Solute and solvent atoms are randomly distributed on lattice sites

Solute atoms
Solvent atoms

 Ordered Solid Solution

The atoms (solute and solvent) take up preferred positions and
the solution becomes ordered

Solute atoms
Solvent atoms

 Interstitial Solid Solution

Atoms of small atomic radius fit into the empty spaces or
interstices of the lattice structure of the solvent atoms

Solute atoms
Solvent atoms

 Intermetallic Compounds
made up of 2 or more elements
producing a new phase with its own
composition, crystal structure and
properties
Intermetallic compound (valence
compound) is a phase, having
chemical composition equal to a
fixed simple ratio, like CuZn,Cu3Sn,
Mg2Pb, etc.
Sometimes intermetallic compounds
exist over a range of composition,
differing from the valence law.
Intermetallic compounds of this sort
are called electron compounds or
intermediate solutions.
An example of a phase diagram
with intermetallic compound AB2 is
shown in the figure below.

1.9 Terminologies In Phase Diagram

1. Phase
Is a region that differs in structure or composition
from another region
2. Equilibrium Phase Diagram
Are graphical representations of what phases are
present in a materials system at various
temperatures, pressures and compositions
3. Composition
Are percentage of certain materials contains purposely
or not added to another material. With this it can
cause changes in phases, the properties and the
shape of the microstructures.
4. Liquidus
The temperature at which liquid starts to solidify
under equilibrium conditions.
5. Solidus
The temperature which all liquid has completely
solidified.

1.10 Binary Alloy System

1. Binary phase diagram is a phase diagram in which
there are only two components and a mixture of
two metals (a binary alloy).