Objective

Cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas was

The firs candidate for the purpose.

Introduction to Antennas
An Antenna is a device that is used to transmit
and/or receive electromagnetic waves.

Oscillating current and charge create

oscillating magnetic field & oscillating electric
field resp. which radiates EM waves at
transmitter side and reverse thing would be
happen at receiver side.

ISM BAND
The

ISM (industrial, scientific and medical) radio bands

were originally reserved internationally for the use of RF
energy for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other
than communications.
Examples

of applications in these bands include radiofrequency process heating, microwave ovens, and medical
diathermy machines.
The

powerful emissions of these devices can create

electromagnetic interference and disrupt radio
communication using the same frequency, so these devices
were limited to certain bands of frequencies

Dielectric Material
A dielectric material is an electrical
insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field.
Dielectric Polarization arise in an Electric Field
positive charges displaced toward
the field & negative charges shift
in the opposite direction
due to which an internal electric
field creates that reduces the
overall field within the dielectric
itself.

Dielectric Resonator
Generally, DRA operates at microwave & millimeter
wave bands.At millimeter wave frequencies,
metal surfaces become lossy reflectors,
so dielectric resonators are used at these frequencies.
At resonant frequencies, the microwaves form standing
waves in the resonator,
oscillating with very large amplitudes. When a dielectric
resonator is not entirely enclosed by a conductive
boundary, it can radiate, and so it becomes an antenna. .
Similar to cavity resonators ,
except that the radio waves are reflected by the large
change in permittivity rather than by the conductivity
of metal.

Types of Dilectric Resonator Antenna

Rectangular DRA

Types of
DRA

Cylindrical

Hemispherical

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WhyCylindrical
Cylindrical
DRA?
DRA?

Provide
more
flexiblity
in terms
of BW

Thus the rectangular DRA can be made very compact with

a small footprint area, or very low profile, or
its bandwidth can be adjusted for a given material
permittivity.

This flexibility is further enhanced by the fact that a wide

variety of feed mechanisms can be used to excite the
rectangular DRA, making it amenable integration with
current technology.

Advantages of DRA
DRA size is proportional to

, hence size will reduce.

Compared with the microstrip antenna,

DRA has a much wider impedance bandwidth.
DRAs have a high dielectric strength and
hence higher power handling capacity
No inherent conductor loss for a DRA.
High radiation efficiency is thus possible in case of DR antennas

DRA Design

We have used Aperture slot fed by microstrip line:

Aperture slot: advantage of having the feed network

located below the ground plane, Isolate the radiating
aperture from any unwanted
coupling or spurious radiation from the feed.

Microstrip line: offer a degree of impedance

matching not available with coaxial lines or
waveguides

=> Infinite number of resonant modes.

The excited modes for rectangular DRA can be classified into three
distinct types: TE, TM, and HEM(hybrid).
On the equatorial plane, the TE and TM modes are axisymmetric,
while HEM modes are azimuthally () dependent.
TE0np+
0np+ and
HEMmnp+
The first index (m), denotes the number of full-period EM field variations
along the azimuth direction with m = 1, 2, 3, . For TE (transverse
electric, no Ez component, i.e. Ez=0) and TM (transverse magnetic, no
Hz component, i.e. Hz=0) modes m = 0, since the fields are
axisymmetric no variation takes place and the field remains constant in
the azimuth direction. For HEM modes m is a value always greater than
zero.

TE0np+
0np+ and
HEMmnp+
The second index (n) implies the variation of the half wave field
along the radial direction (based on the fact that the field is
measured between circles center and the periphery), with n = 1, 2,
3, .

Finally,

the index p+ implies the half-wave variations along the

z-axis of the cylindrical resonator, with p = 0, 1, 2, 3, . The
presence of the factor indicates that the half-wave field is
greater than the length (thickness, if cylinders axis is oriented
along z-axis) of the resonator itself, with 0< < 1. This is because
of the imperfect boundary conditions at the resonators dielectricair interface. This results in some EM field escape; the standing
wave interior to the resonator along z-axis is less than a half-wave
and decays away from the faces. The actual value of depends on
several physical parameters including the value of er.

When the DRA is mounted on a ground plane, the even modes in the zdirection (i.e., n = 2N, N = 1, 2, 3...) will be short-circuited, and only the
odd modes (n = 2N+1) can exist.
The modes with (m > 1, n = 1) are not of interest, since they produce a
broadside null in the radiation pattern.

 DRAs were simulated to resonate in the modes, henceforth

referred to as TE11 , TE13 and TE15 modes, henceforth
referred to as (m,n) =(1,1) , (1,3) and (1,5), respectively, all at
approximately 10.75 GHz.
Two degrees of freedom, there is no unique set of dimensions for
a given resonant frequency and dielectric constant.
r = 10 to maintain a reasonable impedance bandwidth. (Higher
dielectric constants would result in more compact designs but with
narrower bandwidth.)

HFSS (Simulation Software)

HFSS stands for High Frequency Structure Simulator.
It is used for simulating 3-D full wave electromagnetic fields such as it is
one of several commercial tools used for antenna design, and the design of
complex RF electronic circuit elements including filters, transmission lines.

HFSS (Simulation)

TE11

TE 13

TE15

Summary and Conclusion:

This model predicts that a rectangular DRA operating in a higher order

mode will radiate a more directive pattern. Simulations showed that a
rectangular DRA excited in the TE15 mode has a directivity of nearly 12
dB, compared to 6.4 dB of the lowest order mode.

Measured patterns from fabricated prototypes showed that gains of up to

10.2 dBi were achieved for a DRA operating in the (m=1,n=5). (advantage
of this approach for enhancing gain compared to some of the other cited
techniques lies in the smaller area requirements).

Simulations show that exciting the (1,7) mode of a rectangular DRA

increases the directivity to 13.7 dBi. However, such a DRA designed at 11
GHz would require a height of 90 mm, which would probably find very
limited practical applications.

Thank you!