Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AND
DISINFECTION
Dr. Daniel Shelver
2213 Med School
dshelv@lsuhsc.edu
54884
Ignaz Semmelweis
1846: Physician at Vienna General Hospital
Interested in ‘childbed fever’ (often fatal uterine
infection that followed childbirth) in obstetrical
clinic there.
Two clinics, one staffed by physicians & medical
students: mortality rate: 13% other staffed by
midwives: mortality rate: 2%
Physicians/students were performing autopsies, then
after either not washing hands or washing with soap,
proceeding to deliver babies
Ignaz Semmelweis
For the physician/medical student ward,
Semmelweis enforced a policy of handwashing
with chlorinated lime; dropped mortality rate to
2%.
Despite success, his policies were rejected
because they went against current scientific beliefs
(germ theory not developed yet); ultimately he
was fired by Vienna General.
Sterilization and disinfection
Goal: reduce or completely eliminate the
presence of potentially harmful life forms
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Algae
Bacterial spores (in general the hardest to kill;
can survive even boiling water!)
IMPORTANT TERMS
Sterile/sterilization
Absence of any life form/process of
rendering something sterile (must kill
spores)
Disinfection
Agent that frees from infection – kills
bacteria/inactivates virus, but does not
necessarily kill bacterial spores
IMPORTANT TERMS
Antiseptic
Substance that opposes growth or action of
microorganisms, either by killing or inhibiting growth
Term is usually used in reference to body surface or
wound
Sanitize
Utilization of agent that reduces microbial contaminants to
safe levels as determined by public health requirements
“cide“
Kills microbes/inactivates viruses
“static“
Arrests growth of microbes/inhibits replication of virus
Sterilization
Physical Agents
Heat
Moist heat – uses an autoclave that introduces steam
under pressure to a closed chamber
Most effective, practical and practical method
Most hospitals/laboratories use it as a first choice
method of sterilization
Not applicable to heatlabile substances (ie., antibody
solution, antibiotics
Inactivates life forms by denaturation/coagulation of
proteins; destruction of DNA
Process sterilizes more quickly than dry heat
Sterilization
Dry heat
Inactivates life forms by oxidation of proteins
Does not dull sharp edges, unlike autoclaving
Can sterilize closed containers and
oils/petroleum jellies, which are not penetrated
with steam
Takes longer to sterilize than autoclaving
Radiation
Ultraviolet radiation
Destroys DNA & inhibits its replication
Induces formation of unfavorable compounds in
bacterial habitats (ozone, hydrogen
peroxide)
Most effective against airborne microorganisms
Does not kill all viruses or bacteria
Often used to prevent airborne spread of bacteria in
hospitals, microbiology labs, etc.
Sterilization
Radiation
Ionizing radiation
Beta rays (electron) or gamma rays
‘Chain reaction’ where bacterial/viral cell
components absorb electrons, then give off high
energy electrons, disrupting cell components
Sutures, plastic tubing, plasticware
Sterilization
Filtration
Used for solutions that are heat labile or
whose efficacy/safety is compromised by the
introduction of chemicals
Solution is filtered through a membrane that
retains bacteria, fungi, algae
Does not always remove viruses (depends on
pore size) – therefore not ‘sterilization’ in the
strictest sense
Sterilization
Chemical Agents
Action (one or more of following)
Oxidation of cell
Denaturation of proteins
Inactivation of vital enzymes
Modification of permeability of cell
Disruption of cell
Effectiveness against different life forms
varies (more so than physical methods)
Sterilization
Chemical Agents
Hydrogen peroxide plasma – oxidizes*
Hydrogen peroxide plasma that has been microwaved to increase available
oxygen radicals, which are the killing agent
Chlorine dioxide –gas (used to decontaminate buildings where
anthrax attacks occurred); oxidizes, kills spores
Ethylene oxide (gas, slow) alkylates*
Useful for delicate instruments, optics
Somewhat impractical; toxic
Peracetic acid (Liquid solution) oxidizes*
Preferred method of sterilizing heatsensitive instruments at LSUHSC –
sterilizer equipment manufactured by Steris
Limited to instruments that will be used immediately (objects come out wet)
* = used at LSUHSC
Evaluation of Sterilization
Physical
Thermometers
Pressure gauges
Biological
Spores
Disinfection
High level (some overlap with sterilizers)!
Glutaraldehyde – Alkylates cell components
Peracetic acid – Oxidizes cell components
Chlorine dioxide – Oxidizes, liquid or gas (also a sterilizer)
Hydrogen peroxide – Oxidizes cell components
Intermediate level
Alcohols – denatures proteins – inhibited by dirt!
Sodium Hypochlorite (bleach) – inhibited by alkaline pH (i.e. alkaline
detergents). Stronger bacteriocidal/virucidal/sporacidal activity at
higher concentrations (can be high or low level disinfectant)
Iodophor compounds – denature/oxidize proteins – not influenced by
pH – inhibited by dirt.
Low level
Quaternary amine compounds – denature cell membranes; precipitate
biological molecules
Factors Affecting Killing
Dynamics
1. Number microorganisms
2. Nature of the microbial population
3. Concentration of the agent used
4. Time
5. Temperature (ex bleach more effective at
higher temperature)
6. Extraneous material
7. pH (ex bleach effectiveness as pH increased)
8. Volume
Antisepsis
Used at LSUHSC:
Lotion soap (washing hands between uninfected
patients, using bathroom) 1530 sec
Weakly antiseptic; bacteria/viruses can still remain on skin
Chlorohexadine 2% 15 30 sec – contact with infected
patient or bodily fluids –disadvantage; some people
allergic to this compound (use iodine, antibacterial
soap or alcohol instead) – advantage; its antiseptic
activity persist after drying
Chlorohexadine 4% 6 min – surgical scrub
Iodine – surgical scrub; often used after alcohol wash
Alcohols – very effective except do not kill spores; dries
skin; activity does not persist after drying
Use of gloves (must be changed between patients)
reduces chance of spreading agents but between &
before gloves!
Sterilization/Disinfection in the
laboratory
Sterilization
Autoclave – most commonly used: heat stable media,
dry goods that are heat stable (eppendorf tubes, glass
culture tubes), biohazards (doesn’t matter if heat
labile since destined for garbage)
Filtration – heat labile solutions, antibiotic solutions,
antibody solutions.
Ionizing radiation: used on prepackaged disposable
plastic plasticware bought from manufacturer (i.e.
sterile filtration apparatus)
Disinfection/antisepsis in the
laboratory
Disinfection of working areas
Cell culture areas, laboratory benches where bacteria will be
cultured
70% ethanol (medium level disinfected) – kill all bacteria except
spores, many viruses
10% bleach for blood spills
Formaldehyde vapor for severe contamination of cell culture hoods
Flaming of inoculating loop
Dry heat
Baking of glassware
Dry heat
Skin antisepsis
Used in combination with or without gloves gloves during cell
culture: 70% ethanol or alcohol gel.
Level
M
H
H
M
H
M
H
L
M
K
N/A
Kills g-
N/A