ANALOG ELECTRONIC

CIRCUITS 1
EKT 204
Basic BJT Amplifiers (Part 1)

Analog Signals & Linear

Amplifiers

Analog signals

Analog circuits

Natural analog signals: physical sense (hearing, touch, vision)

Electrical analog signals: e.g. output from microphone, output signal from
compact disc form of time-varying currents & voltages
Magnitude: any value which vary continuously with time
Electronic circuits which produce analog signals
E.g. linear amplifier

Linear amplifier

Magnifies input signal & produce output signal that is larger & directly
proportional to input signal
DC power

Block diagram of a
compact disc
player system

Signal
source

a) Low signal power

b) High signal power

DC voltage
source

(a)

(b)
Amplifier

Load

The Bipolar Linear Amplifier

(a) Bipolar transistor inverter circuit; (b) inverter transfer characteristics

To use circuit as an amplifier, transistor needs to be biased

with DC voltage at quiescent point (Q-point) transistor
is biased in forward active region

Time-varying output voltage is directly proportional to & 3

larger than time-varying input voltage linear amplifier

The Bipolar Linear Amplifier

Summary of notation
Variable
iB, vBE
IB, VBE

Meaning
Total instantaneous values
DC values

ib, vbe

Instantaneous ac values

Ib, Vbe

Phasor values

Graphical Analysis & AC

Equivalent Circuit
Fig. D

VC
C

Fig. C

iC

vO

RB
vs

iB

RC
vCE

vBE

VBB

(C) Common-emitter circuit

with time varying signal
source in series with base dc
source
(D) Common-emitter transistor characteristics, dc load line, and sinusoidal
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variation in base current, collector current, and collector-emitter voltage

Graphical Analysis & AC

Equivalent Circuit

Base on Fig. C & D

(time-varying signals linearly related & superimposed on
dc values)

iB I BQ ib

(1)

iC I CQ ic

(2)

vCE VCEQ vce

(3)

vBE VBEQ vbe

(4)

If signal source, vs = 0:
VBB I BQ RB VBEQ (B - E loop)

(5)

VCC I CQ RC VCEQ (C - E loop)

(6)

Graphical Analysis & AC

Equivalent Circuit

For B-E loop, considering time varying signals:

VBB vs iB RB vBE ( I BQ ib ) RB (VBEQ vbe ) (7)
Rearrange:
VBB I BQ RB VBEQ ib RB vbe vs

(8)

Base on (5), left side of (7) is 0. So:

vs ib RB vbe

(9)

For C-E loop, considering time varying signals:

VCC iC RC vCE ( I CQ ic ) RC (VCEQ vce )
(10)
VCC I CQ RC VCEQ ic Rc vce

Base on (6), left side of (11) is 0. So:

ic Rc vce 0

(11)
(12)
7

Graphical Analysis & AC

Equivalent Circuit
Definition

of small signal

Small signal : ac input signal voltages and

currents are in the order of 10 percent of Q-point
voltages and currents.
e.g. If dc current is 10 mA, the ac current (peakto-peak) < 0.1 mA.

Graphical Analysis & AC

Equivalent Circuit
Rules

for ac analysis

Replacing all capacitors by short circuits

Replacing all inductors by open circuits
Replacing dc voltage sources by ground
connections
Replacing dc current sources by open circuits

Graphical Analysis & AC

Equivalent Circuit

RC

ic

Equations

vs ib RB vbe

vO
RB
vs

ib

+
vbe -

Input loop

I BQ
vbe
ib
VT

+
vce

0.026 V

Output loop

ic RC vce 0
AC equivalent circuit of C-E with npn
transistor

ic ib
10

Small-signal hybrid-
equivalent circuit
gm=ICQ/VT

vbe = ibr
r
= diffusion resistance /
base-emitter input
resistance

r=VT/ICQ

1/r
= slope of iB VBE
curve

vbe
VT
FVT
r

,
ib
I BQ
I CQ
Using transconductance (gm) parameter

I CQ F I BQ
11

Small-signal hybrid-
equivalent circuit

ib
( I b )

Using common-emitter current gain () parameter

12

How to construct Small-signal hybridV

CC

RC
vO

RB

We know that
i across B ib

vs

i across C ib

VBB

i across E (+1)ib
r between B -E

Place a terminal for the transistor

Common Terminal as ground
B

C
r

ib
E

13

Small-signal hybrid-
equivalent circuit
Small-signal equivalent circuit
Ic

RB
Vs

Ib

Vbe
-

r
Vbe
r RB

Vs

gmVbe

RC

Vo

Vce
-

Vo Vce g mVbe RC
Output signal voltage

Vo
r

Small signal voltage gain, Av g m RC

Vs
r RB
Input signal voltage

14

Small-signal hybrid-
equivalent circuit
Example

VC
C

RC

Given : = 100, VCC = 12V

RB

VBE = 0.7V, RC = 6k,

RB = 50k, and VBB = 1.2V
Calculate the small-signal voltage
gain.

vO

vs
VBB

15

Solutions
1.

I BQ

VBB VBE ( on )
RB

1.2 0.7
10 A
50

2.

I CQ I BQ 100(10 A) 1 mA

3.

VCEQ VCC I CQ RC 12 (1)(6) 6 V

4.
5.
6.

VT (100)(0.026)
r

2.6 k
I CQ
1
I CQ
1
gm

38.5 mA / V
VT
0.026

Vo
r
11.4
Av
g m RC
Vs
r RB

16

Hybrid- Model and Early

Effect

transconductance
parameter
ro=VA/ICQ

current gain
parameter
ro = small-signal transistor
output resistance
17
VA = early voltage

Hybrid- Model and Early

Effect
Early Voltage (pg 299)

Early Voltage
(VA)

18

Basic Common-Emitter
Amplifier Circuit
Example

VCC

Given : = 100, VCC = 12V

R1

VBE(on) = 0.7V, RS = 0.5k,

RS CC

RC = 6k, R1 = 93.7k, R2 = 6.3k

and VA = 100V.

vs

RC
vO

R2

Calculate the small-signal voltage

gain.

19

Solution
Small-signal equivalent circuit
Ri
RS
Vs

Ro
Vo

R1 \\
R2

R1 R2 r

gmV

V
s

R1 R2 r RS

Vo g mV ro RC

R1 R2 r
Vo
r R
Av
gm
R1 R2 r RS o C
Vs

rO

RC

Ri R1 R2 r

Ro ro RC

20

Self-Reading
Textbook: Donald A. Neamen,
MICROELECTRONICS Circuit Analysis &
Design,3rd Edition, McGraw Hill International
Edition, 2007
Chapter 5:The Bipolar Junction Transistor
Page: 334-339
Chapter 6: Basic BJT Amplifiers
Page: 370-388.
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Exercise
The circuit parameters in Figure are changed to
VCC = 5V, R1=35.2k, R2=5.83k, RC=10k and
RS =0, =100, VBE(on) =0.7V and VA =100V.
Determine the quiescent collector current and
collector-emitter voltage and find the smallsignal voltage gain.

Ans: ICQ = 0.21mA, VCEQ =2.9V, Av =-79.1)

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