Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
• Prediction of Ship’s Power
- Ship’s driving system and concept of power
- Resistance of ship and its components
· frictional resistance
· wave-making resistance
· others
- Froude expansion
- Effective horse power calculation
•
2
Introduction
• When the hull form has been decided upon, it is necessary to determine the amount
of engine power that will enable the ship to meet its operational requirements.
• Knowing the power required to propel a ship enables the naval architect to select a
propulsion plant, determine the amount of fuel storage required, and refine the
ship’s center of gravity estimate
• naval architects have endeavored to increase the speed of ships.
• wind was the force used to propel ships through the water and ships could only go
as fast as the wind would propel them.
• wind was the force used to propel ships through the water and ships could only go
as fast as the wind would propel them.
• Testing of full-scale ships and models determined that the power required to propel
a ship through the water was directly related to the amount of resistance a hull
experiences when moving through the water.
• the modern screw propeller was developed, replacing the paddle wheel as the prime
mode of ship propulsion. The screw propeller, with many modifications to its
original design, remains the principle method of ship propulsion to this day. 3
Ship Drive Shaft and Power
Engine Reduction
Gear Strut Screw
Bearing Seals
THP
4
Ship Drive shaft and Power
5
Ship Drive Train and Power
Relative Magnitudes
BHP>SHP>DHP>THP>EHP 6
Effective Horse Power (EHP)
7
Effective Horse Power (EHP)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ship Speed, Vs (Knots)
Well-designed
Efficiencies (cont’d)
EHP
• Propeller Efficiency Screw
THP
η propeller =
DHP THP
SHP DHP
• Propulsive Coefficients (PC)
EHP
ηp =
SHP
η p ≈ 0.6 for well designed propeller
10
Total Hull Resistance
• Total Hull Resistance (RT)
The force that the ship experiences opposite to the motion of
the ship as it moves.
• EHP Calculation
ft
RT (lb) ⋅ VS
EHP(H P ) = s RT = total hull resistance
ft lb
550 VS = speed of ship
s HP
ft lb ⋅ ft J
RT ⋅V S ⇒ ( lb ) ⋅ = = = Watts : Power
s s s
1 Watts = 1 / 550 H P 11
Total Hull Resistance (cont)
RT lb
CT = ⇒ 2
⇐ non - dimension
0.5ρ Vs S
2
lb ⋅ s 2 ft 2
4 ft
ft s
CT = Coefficient of total hull resistance in calm water
RT = Total hull resistance
ρ = Fluid density
VS = Speed of ship
S = wetted surface area on the submerged hull 12
Total Hull Resistance (cont)
• Coefficient of Total Hull Resistance (cont’d)
-Total Resistance of full scale ship can be determined
using
CT , ρ , S and VS
2
RT (lb) = 0.5ρSVS ⋅ CT
CT : determined by the model test
ρ : available from water property table
S : obtained from Curves of form
VS : Full scale ship speed
13
Total Hull Resistance (cont)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
ShipSpeed, Vs(knots)
2 2
RT ≈ CT ⋅ VS EHP ≈ RTVS ≈ CT ⋅ VS ⋅ VS
n n
∝ VS ∝ VS
n = from 2 at low speed n = from 3 at low speed
to 5 at high speed to 6 at high speed 14
Components of Total Resistance
• Total Resistance
RT = RV + RW + RA
RV : Viscous Resistance
RW : Wave Making Resistance
RA : Air Resistance
• Viscous Resistance
- Resistance due to the viscous stresses that the fluid exerts
on the hull.
( due to friction of the water against the surface of the ship)
- Viscosity, ship’s velocity, wetted surface area of ship
generally affect the viscous resistance. 15
Components of Total Resistance
• Wave-Making Resistance
- Resistance caused by waves generated by the motion of the ship
- Wave-making resistance is affected by beam to length ratio,
displacement, shape of hull, Froude number (ship length &
speed)
• Air Resistance
- Resistance caused by the flow of air over the ship with no
wind present
- Air resistance is affected by projected area, shape of the ship
above the water line, wind velocity and direction
- Typically 4 ~ 8 % of the total resistance
16
Components of Total Hull Resistance
• Total Resistance and Relative Magnitude of Components
Air Resistance
Resistance (lb)
Hollow
Hump Wave-making
Viscous
Speed (kts)
- Low speed : Viscous R
- Higher speed : Wave-making R
- Hump (Hollow) : location is function of ship length and speed.
17
Coefficient of Viscous Resistance
• Viscous Flow around a ship
• Tangential Component : CF
- Tangential stress is parallel to ship’s hull and causes
a net force opposing the motion ; Skin Friction
- It is assumed CF can be obtained from the experimental
data of flat plate.
19
Wave-Making Resistance
L
Transverse wave Wave Length
20
21
Wave-Making Resistance
22
Wave-Making Resistance (cont)
Bulbous Bow
25
Other Type of Resistances
• Appendage Resistance
- Frictional resistance caused by the underwater appendages
such as rudder, propeller shaft, bilge keels and struts
- 2∼ 24% of the total resistance in naval ship.
• Steering Resistance
- Resistance caused by the rudder motion.
- Small in warships but troublesome in sail boats
•Added Resistance
- Resistance due to sea waves which will cause the ship
motions (pitching, rolling, heaving, yawing).
26
Other Resistances
27
Basic Theory Behind Ship Modeling
• Modeling a ship
- It is not possible to measure the resistance of the full-scale ship
- The ship needs to be scaled down to test in the tank but
the scaled ship (model) must behave in exactly same way
as the real ship.
- How do we scale the prototype ship ?
- Geometric and Dynamic similarity must be achieved.
prototype ship
?
model ship
• Dynamic Similarity
- Dynamic Similarity exists between model and prototype
if the ratios of all forces in model and prototype are the
same.
- Total Resistance : Frictional Resistance+ Wave Making+Others
CV = f ( Rn ), CW = f ( Fn )
RnS = RnM , FnS = FnM
LSVS LMVM VS VM
= , =
vS vM gLS gLM
vM LS LM
VM = VS , VM = VS
vS LM LS
30
Basic Theory behind Ship Modeling
• Corresponding Speeds
VS VM
FnS = FnM , =
gLS gLM
VS (ft/s) VM (ft/s)
=
LS (ft) LM (ft)
- Example :
Ship length = 200 ft, Model length : 10 ft
Ship speed = 20 kts, Model speed towed ?
LM 1 1kt.=1.688 ft/s
VM = VS = VS
LS LS / LM
1 1
= VS = 20kts = 4.47 kts
λ
31
20