Covalent Bonds

As presented by : Group 8
-

Lam Winn Sen (015681)

Tan Di Ken (012861)
Alvin Chiew Jing Jie (015154)
Oswald Chai Ming Yang (013421)

Table of contents

Lam Winn Sen presents :

Introduction to
covalent bonds

Introduction to covalent bonds

What is a covalent bond?
- A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs
between atoms.
- Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar
electronegativity.
- Definition of covalent
- Co- : to mean jointly/together.
- -valent : to denote electrons involved in chemical bonding.
Types of covalent bonds include :
- -bonding, -bonding, metal-to-metal bonding and etc.

The most typical example of covalent

bonding

Image above titled Covalent bond hydrogen by Jacek FH is licensed under

Creative Commons License Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
(CC BY-SA 3.0)

Tan Di Ken presents :

Octet rule,
single bonds & double
bonds

Octet Rule
Share electron
Eight electrons in valence shell
Atoms seek the most stable electron configuration
Requires eight electrons because it is the amount needed to
fill the s and p orbital

Gilbert N.
Lewis

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Elements in periods 3 or higher can hold more than an octet.
More than 8 electrons in valence shell
Boron hold less than an octet

Chlorine trifluoride
Chlorine has 10 electrons in valence shell

Boron trifluoride,
Boron has 6 electrons in valence shell

Xenon tetrafluoride,
First discovered binary compound of a noble gas
Xenon has 12 electrons in valence shell

Single bonds
One electron pair is shared between two atoms.
The bond is weaker.
Smaller density.
Most stable.

Double bonds
Two electron pairs are shared between the two
atoms.
Basic
Basic++Complex
Complex

Ethylene

Elaidic acid

Double bonds

Main features of double bonds

Both atoms are connected by two covalent bonds,

therefore:

Not flexible
Cannot rotate
Requires more energy to break

Oswald Chai Ming Yang presents :

Triple bonds,
Coordinate bonds

Triple Bonds
Three covalent bonds between two atoms

Main features of triple bonds

Both atoms are connected by three covalent bonds,

Less flexible
therefore
:
Cannot rotate
Requires more energy to break
Bonds are shorter
Larger electron density
Least stable among the covalent bonds

Video?

Coordinate Bonds (A.K.A Dative Covalent Bonds)

Where the electrons being shared come from

one atom.

Typically occurs in inorganic

complexes.

Follows the octet rule.

Example of coordinate bonding in

formation of Ammonium (NH4+ Ion)

Note : Arrow points away from the

lone pair which forms the bond

NH3

HCl

>>> NH4+

Cl-

Ammonia + Hydrogen Chloride >>> Ammonium Ion + Chloride Ion

Coordination complexes
Lone pairs in the oxygen atom of water
form coordinate bonds with the central Fe2+
ion.
In this case :
- Water molecules are ligands.
- Resulting ion is a complex ion.
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ ion
Hexaaquairon (II) ion
- Co-ordination number : 6 , because it has 6
coordinate bonds to the central metal ion.
- 1 water molecule forms 1 coordinate bond
with the central metal ion. Therefore, water
is a monodentate ligand.

Alvin Chiew Jing Jing presents :

- & - bonding,
polar & non-polar bonding

-bonding
Sigma ( ) bond: orbitals overlap head-on (1
Bond)
- Strongest type ofcovalent bonds due to the direct overlap of
orbitals.
- There is no more than 1 sigma bond between any two atoms.

-bonding

Pi bond ( ) bond: orbitals

overlap sideways ( >1
Bond)
- Weaker than bond.
- Can only form after the formation of a -bond.

Single bond: -bond

Double bond: -bond + -bond
Triple bond: -bond + 2 -bond

Polar bonds
A covalent bond between 2 different Atoms.
One with +ve charge, the other with ve charge.
Unequal sharing of electrons, which means they are polarised.
Chemically more reactive ( HO universal solvent).
+

Y -

Polar Molecules

+
H
A molecule which has both small +ve and ve charge at two ends.
We call it Dipole.

It has polarised bond and might not be symmetrical.

Cl Cl Cl
- - -

How do we differentiate them?

Polar Molecule

Non-Polar Molecule

InIngeneral,
difference,
general,the
thehigher
higherthe
theelectronegativity
electronegativity
difference,

Must
be
symmetrical.
the
more
polar
are
the
bonds.
the
more
polar
are
the
bonds.
- Contains lone pair
Must not contain lone
Eg.
- Not symmetrical
pair.
Eg.H-F
H-Fand
andH-O
H-Oare
arevery
verypolar.
polar.

DRAWING SESSION!
(CH, CO)( H & Cl on CHCl) ( HS )

Lam Winn Sen presents :

Orbital hybridization

Orbital hybridisation (sp3)

Carbons ground state electron configuration :

According to the valance bond theory, carbon should form two covalent bonds,
resulting in a CH2.
In reality, CH2 highly reactive and CH4 is the one that is formed.

 We can excite the 2s electron into the 2p orbital to give :

This would result in a formation of CH4. But, it also means that the C-H
bonds have different energies due to the overlapping of different orbitals
(2s , 2p).

In reality, all four of CH4s C-H bonds have equal energy. Therefore, it
can only be explained if the 2s and 2p orbitals combine to form sp3
hybrid orbitals.

CH4 structure by Maksim licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals from Carbon overlaps with

Hydrogens 1s orbitals.
- 4 -(sigma) bonds as 4 individual covalent bonds of equal
bond length and energy.

References

L. PaulingThe Nature of the Chemical Bond(3rd ed., Oxford

University Press 1960) p.111-120.
Steric numbers 2-6 from R.H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood and F.G.
Herring, General Chemistry (8th ed., Prentice-Hall 2002) Table 11.1,
pp.413-414.ISBN 0-13-014329-4
Moore, John; Stanitski, Conrad L.; Jurs, Peter C.
Principles of Chemistry: The Molecular Science

External Links :
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/covalent.html
http://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/bon_htm/14.2.htm
http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/bondel.html
http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Double-Bond-Definition.htm
http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro3.htm
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/General_Principles/Covalent_Bonds
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_bond
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_bond
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipolar_bond
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Hybrid_Orbitals

Graphics credits :
https://
chemistry-batz.wikispaces.com/file/view/Octet%20Rule.jpg/396408818/329x225/Octet%20Rule
.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond#mediaviewer/File:Covalent_bond_hydrogen.svg
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/linoleic/elaidic.gif
http://www.chemeddl.org/resources/models360/models.php?pubchem=6356
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/nh4cldiag.GIF
http://alevelchem.com/aqa_a_level_chemistry/unit3.5/s355/01.htm
http://physicsandchemistryrevision.tumblr.com/post/25213582977/a2-chemistry-f324
http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/HTML/SCFIMG/SCH840.gif
http://
www.meritnation.com/img/shared/discuss_editlive/4255118/2013_08_17_19_49_08/gcpzfht
x1759929696093119131.png
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Hybrid_Orbitals
http://www.futura-sciences.com/magazines/matiere/infos/dossiers/d/chimie-mille-facettes-car