LIFE IN A FLUID

http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/jp/fluids/wfluids.htm

web notes: lect1.ppt

density.pdf

pressure1.pdf pressure2.pdf

pressure3.pdf

Dr Manjula Sharma
Lectures
Tutorials
Labs
Assignments
Exam
Textbook
Worked examples
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Identify Setup Execute Evaluate

IDENTIFY
Identify what the question asking
Identify the known and unknown physical quantities (units)
SETUP
Visualise the physical situation
Diagrams - reference frames / coordination system / origin / directions
Write down key concepts, principles, equations, assumptions that may
be needed to answer the question
EXECUTE
Answer to the question from what you know.
Numerical questions - solve before calculations - manipulate equations
then substitute numbers add comments.
EVALUATE
CHECK - answer reasonable, assumptions, units, signs, significant
figures, look at limiting cases
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LEARNING AND DOING PHYSICS

Physical quantities
Symbols
Units
Typical values

Relationships
Principles
Laws
Mathematics
Equations
Graphs

Appreciation

Deep
understanding
5

?
6

Definition ( Greek letter rho)

m
V

density of object
mass of object
volume of object

V
Units
SI unit
kg.m-3
Other units
g.mL-1
1 mL = 1 cm3 = (10-2)3 m3 = 10-6 m3
1 g = 10-3 kg
1 g.mL-1 = 103 kg.m-3

Density values (kg.m-3)

Interstellar space

10-20

Best laboratory vacuum

10-17

Air (20 C and 1 atm)

1.21

Styrofoam

100

Ice

917

Water (20 C and 1 atm)

998

SaltWater

1024

Whole blood

1060

Earth (average)

~5500

Iron

7900

Mercury

13 600

Osmium (most dense found on 22 500

earth)
Uranium nucleus
1017
Neutron star (core)

1018
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?
and all the king's horses
What force is required to separate the hemispheres? Is this force
significant?

Pressure P

pressure !!!

Is this pressure?
What pressure is applied to the ground if a person stood on one heel?

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Pressure
P

F
p
A
F
A

force at right angles to surface

area of contact over which force acts

F
A
Units
pressure

force

area

m2

Pa

pascal 1 Pa = 1 N.m-2

newton 1 N = 1 kg.m.s-2

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How large is atmospheric pressure?

Rough calculation
p=F/A

Pressure at Earths surface due to

weight of atmosphere

p=mg/A

air = 1.21 kg.m-3

p=Vg/A

g = 9.8 m.s-2

p = A h g / A

h ~ 10 km

p=hg
p = (1)(104)(10) Pa
p = 105 Pa

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Atmospheric Pressure patm

1.013x105 Pa
101.3 kPa
1013 hPa (hecto)
1013 mb
1.013 b

(millibar)
(bar)

760 mmHg
14.7 lb.in2 (14.7 psi)
10.34 mH20
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? What does it mean when we are told to

inflate a tyre to 100 kPa?

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What does it mean when we are told to inflate a tyre to 100

kPa?
Answer

Pressure gauges measure the pressure above and below

atmospheric (or barometric) pressure.
Need to distinguish between a gauge pressure and
absolute pressure.
200
100

300

400

patm = 101 kPa

pgauge = 100 kPa
pabsolute = (101 + 100) kPa = 201 kPa
pabsolute = pgauge + patm
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? How does a gas or liquid exert

a pressure on its container
walls?

16

How does a gas or liquid exert a pressure on its container walls?

Answer
Impact of a molecule on the wall of the
container exerts a force on the wall and
the wall exerts a force on the molecule.
Many impacts occur each second and
the total average force per unit area is
called the pressure.

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18

patm = 1x105 Pa
R=

A = 2 R2
p=F/A
F=pA
F = (1x105)(2)( )2 N

F=
70 kg person

HOW MANY PEOPLE?

5.7x104 N
N = F / Fperson ~
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pressure !!!

F=? N
20

m = 70 kg
FG = 700 N
A = 10 mm x 10 mm
A = (100)(10-3)(10-3) m2
A = 10-4 m2
p=F/A
p = 700 / 10-4 Pa
p = 700 x 104 Pa
p = 7 x 106 Pa
p / patm = 7x106 / 1x105 atm = 70 atm
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Why is it better is use a sharp knife?

22

FLUID PRESSURE

The oarfish may be the creature that gave rise to the

legends about "sea serpents". This long, skinny fish,
with its strange-looking head covered in protrusions
and reaching lengths perhaps as long as 15 m,
Life

Life in the deep sea must adapt to unique

conditions of low or no light, high pressure, low
energy- except at hot vents (superheated
temperatures). One unexplained but fairly common
feature of deep animals is gigantism (such as
oarfish, the giant squid, etc.). Less than 1% of the
deep-sea has been explored. What might be left
undiscovered?

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Provided that an object immersed in a fluid is

not moving , the force
on each small part of the contact surface is perpendicular to the
surface so the interaction can be described completely in terms of
pressure. Fluid pressure always acts perpendicular to any surface
irrespective of how the surface is oriented. If there is relative motion
between the fluid and solid object, the force has components
parallel to the surface and the interaction
t t is not simply described by
the pressure. Pressure has no intrinsic direction of its own (pressure
is a scalar).

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How long can your snorkel be?

Why do your ears feel different when you dive into deep water?
Why does atmospheric pressure change as you go up a mountain?
How does a barometer work?

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Pressure increases with depth in a fluid

p0 pressure acting on surface

h
A

Weight of
column
of liquid
F

Liquid uniform density

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28

29

ph = patm + g h
200 mm p = ph patm
p = g h
p = (1030)(9.8)(0.2) Pa
p = 2x103 Pa
if h > 200 mm
p too large, lungs collapse

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A scuba diver's lungs can rupture

if he doesn't breathe while surfacing?

Why?

31

You dive deep down into the water.

Does it matter whether it is in the ocean
or a swimming pool?

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You dive deep down into the water.

Does it matter whether it is in the ocean or a swimming pool?

The pressure within a uniform stationary

fluid is the same at all points in the same
horizontal plane.

The pressure exerted by a static fluid depends only upon the depth of
the fluid, the density of the fluid, and the acceleration of gravity

ph = p0 + g h
Static pressure does not depend upon mass or surface area of liquid
and the shape of container due to pressure exerted by walls.

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