RMA

AMR
Adaptive Multi Rate Training

Bangkok July 14-15/1
NOKIA
Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials
Company Confidential
AMR Course Objectives

After this course, participants are able to :
Know how AMR works
The purpose and planning aspects of the feature
Understanding of AMR parameters
Inter-working of AMR with other features
HW/SW requirements for AMR
Impact of AMR on network performance
NOKIA
Table of Contents
AMR Introduction
AMR Benefits
AMR Codecs
Nokia AMR Link Adaptation and codec mode adaptation
Nokia AMR interaction with other Nokia features
AMR support in Nokia system
Nokia AMR parameter
Nokia AMR KPI
Nokia AMR planning aspects
AMR implementation
NOKIA
Introduction :
Name :
Company :
How long :
Position :
Past experience :
Expectation from AMR
training:
List of questions
4
NOKIA
AMR Introduction
NOKIA
Hard/Soft Blocking
Hard
Hardblocking
blocking
The
Thewhole
wholeradio
radioresource
resourceis
isin
inuse
use--no
nomore
morecalls
callscan
canbe
beestablished
established
due
to
lack
of
free
radio
timeslots.
due to lack of free radio timeslots.
Dominates with large reuse factors = Wideband deployment
Soft
Softblocking
blocking
The
Thecapacity
capacityof
ofindividual
individualcells
cellsis
islimited
limitedby
bythe
thelevel
levelof
ofthe
theinterference
interference
rather
ratherthan
thanthe
thenumber
numberof
ofTRXs
TRXsavailable
available
Is dominating with tight reuse patterns = Narrowband
deployments
6
NOKIA
Spectral Efficiency & Performance

Standard Measure: Erl/km/MHz
Nokia Measure: Effective Frequency Load ( Erl/MHz)
Spectral Efficiency is equivalent to performance
Assuming no lack of radio resources or HW blocking
Performance is
a trade-off
between
capacity AND
quality
Key Performance
Indicator CDR, BQS
Two alternative solutions
Operating
Point
Targeted quality level
Quality Enhancement
is measured in terms of
increased quality
for the same load
Increased
Increasedperformance
performance
(spectral
(spectralefficiency)
efficiency)
delivers
improved
delivers improved
quality
qualityand/or
and/orhigher
higher
capacity
for
the
capacity for thesame
same
quality
criteria
quality criteria
7
NOKIA
Dropped calls due

to coverage gaps
Traffic
Load
Capacity Increase is measured
in terms of additional load
at the same quality level
Effective Frequency Load Defined

EFL is a measure of the average frequency utilization in the area
Represents how loaded each frequency can be across the
system
EFL is proportional to spectral efficiency
EFL is directly proportional to the carried traffic x % higher EFL
= x % more
carried traffic
Busy hour area
level average
Erlangs/cell
Erl BH
1
EFL
Tot # freq Ave # ( TCH )

TRX
Average
number of
timeslots/TRX
Total number of
frequencies
used to carry
the traffic
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NOKIA
Effective Frequency Load Explained

EFL is a measure of the average frequency utilization in the area Represents how
loaded each frequency can be across the system
Assume 1.2 Mhz (6 x 200 kHz carriers) of hopping frequencies in addition to the
BCCH carrier
Assume in each cell 5 simultaneous voice users on the average
In this case the Effective frequency load is ~ 5 Erlangs / 48 timeslots = 10.4%
m
ti
es
ts
o
l
er
200 kHz
ca
i
rr
er
m
Ti
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
6 frequencies @ 200 kHz each

9
NOKIA
200 kHz
Frequency
Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec (1/2)

Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) codec consists of a family of codecs
(source and channel codecs with different trade-off bit-rates)
operating in the GSM FR and HR channels modes
The AMR system exploits the channel performance and robustness
added by the coding rates by adapting the speech and channel
coding rates according to the quality of the radio channel
AMR adapts its error protection level (select its optimum channel
mode and codec mode) to the local radio channel and traffic load
conditions to deliver the best possible combination of speech
quality and system capacity
Codec mode adaptation for AMR is based on received channel quality
estimation in both MS and BTS, followed by a decision on the most
appropriate speech and channel codec mode to apply at a given time
The basic AMR codec mode sets for MS and BTS are provided by
BSC via layer 3 signaling
MS shall support all speech codec modes, although only a set of up to
4 speech codec modes is used during a call
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NOKIA
Adaptive Multi Rate Codec (2/2)

GSM FR/EFR channel gross bit-rate is 22.8 kbit/s in GSM FR/EFR:
13 kbit/s speech coding and 9.8 kbit/channel coding (HR channel
gross bit rate 11.4 kbit/s)
For AMR case, different codecs use different bit rate to encode
speech (source coding). The rest of the gross bit-rate is used for
channel protection
Channel bit-rate (kbit/s)
25
Channel coding
Speech coding
20
Robustness
15
10
5
Speech Qual
0
FR
12.2
FR
10.2
FR FR 7.4 FR 6.7 FR 5.9 FR

7.95
5.15
FR
4.75
HR HR 7.4 HR 6.7 HR 5.9 HR

7.95
5.15
AMR codec mode

11
NOKIA
HR
4.75
Algorithms Related to AMR

In order to select the codec, MS and infrastructure
vendors implement the Link Adaptation algorithm or
Codec Mode Adaptation
Additionally, there is another algorithm to change the
channel rate between FR and HR codecs, which is
called Channel Mode Adaptation
Set of Codecs Codec Mode Adapt.
Channel Mode Adaptation AMR
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AMR Benefits
13
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Capacity and Coverage Gain

Link level results show very high improvement in the terms of TCH
FER when robust AMR modes are used
As high as 6 dB improvement at 1% FER in C/I can be achieved
Therefore, high capacity gain can be expected when robust AMR
modes are utilized
In addition, increased robustness to channel errors can be utilized
in the cell coverage, i.e. lower C/I can be allowed at the cell edge
However, in the mixed traffic case the cell coverage has to be
planned according to EFR mobiles
With respect to signaling channels, the retransmissions schemes
used by SACCH and FACCH channels maintain the probability of
signalling success even for very degraded conditions
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NOKIA
Capacity Increase with AMR

Due to robust AMR codec modes, very low TCH FER compared to EFR
Relative Frequency
TCH FER > 5.4 % (%)
In 850 MHz case all mobiles are AMR capable, but this comparison
illustrates
the capacity gain AMR provides when it is introduced in a typical network
Capacity gain
based on the
2% outage of
the bad TCH
FER samples
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
AMR MS penetration: 0%
~150%
gain
relative
to EFR
7.5
10
12.5
Effective Frequency load (%)

ONE-LAYER
ONE-LAYER(RF-hopping
(RF-hopping2/2,
2/2,no
noBCCH
BCCH
included)
included)
15
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15
Improved BCCH Plan

Since the average C/I found in a cell area can be measurably less
than that used in a non-AMR network and still provide comparable
quality to EFR, the existing clean BCCH layer can be tightened,
potentially releasing frequencies to be used on the non-BCCH layer
This offers improved speech quality and extra capacity for TCH,
especially in the narrow band deployment (frequency band less
than 5 MHz)
However, if EFR roaming mobiles are to be taken care of, the BCCH
will have to be planned accordingly
How to plan networks to ensure the quality for the old EFR mobiles?
One method is to use more aggressive power adjustment for
AMR mobiles in order to decrease the average interference level
in the network
Therefore, the overall interference decreases in the network
(smaller average transmission power) and thus the quality of the
existing EFR connections increase
16
NOKIA
Half-Rate Utilization in AMR Codec

Half-rate is an efficient way to increase capacity in the case of
limited number of TRXs per cell
AMR HR codec obtains remarkable better speech quality than
previous GSM EFR HR codec
AMR FR obtains better quality than AMR HR only when higher FR
modes than 7.4 are used (due to higher number of speech coding
bits)
AMR FR 7.4 kbit/s mode and AMR HR 7.4 kbit/s mode have the
same speech quality when the C/I is high (error free case)
AMR HR channels can be then used in high C/I conditions
without noticeably speech quality loss
In theory for ideal frequency hopping about 11-12 dB C/I is required
for AMR HR to obtain the evaluated good speech quality limit (in
real networks, depending on the BTS configuration and on FH mode
used, it might be necessary 1-4 dB higher)
Based on this, all connections having at least 12 dB C/I could be
handed over to HR channel remaining the good speech quality
17
NOKIA
AMR FR+HR vs. AMR FR Usage

3.0%
4
AMRFR +HR
AMRFR
TCH FER > 4%
2.0%
HR Usage
36.23%
31.49%
1.5%
44.83%
54.48%
1.0%
0.5%
AMR FR
3.5
22.98%
Bad TCH FER samples [%]
2.5%
AMR FR+HR
3
2.5
??
?
2
1.5
1
0.5
0.0%
17%
0
19%
21%
23%
25%
27%
29%
31%
Effective Frequency Load (%)
The performance degradation in

FER between the usage of AMR
FR+HR and AMR FR is equivalent
to the quality loss of 0.2 in the
MOS between AMR FR and HR
codec
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NOKIA
10
15
20
25
Effective Frequency Load [%]
30
35
The FER performance of AMR

FR+HR and AMR FR are about the
same
Capacity
Capacitygain
gainin
inFH
FH
carrier
carrierwhen
whenAMR
AMRFR+HR
FR+HR
is
used
continue
to
is used continue tobe
be
~150%
~150%
Benefits For End User

MOS vs.
CIR
4.5
4
3.5
MOS
AMR FR
EFR
2.5
FR 12.2 MOS
FR 7.4 MOS
FR 5.9 MOS
FR 4.75 MOS
HR 7.4 MOS
HR 5.9 MOS
HR 4.75 MOS
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C/I (dB)
A user in good radio conditions perceives

the same quality as EFR.
However, a user in bad radio conditions still
receives acceptable speech quality while
with EFR it would not received satisfactory
speech quality.
19
NOKIA
Benefits For Operator

100%
Capacity /
Coverage Gains
fs475iFH
fs515iFH
fs590iFH
fs670iFH
10%
fs740iFH
TCH FER
fs795iFH
fs102iFH
fs122iFH
1%
0%
10
C/I [dB]
Approx. 5.5 dB link level gain in hopping layer

This turns into approx. 140% capacity gain for
AMR-FR
Coverage enhancement (>4dB)
Tighter BCCH reuse schemes.
Saving of resources by deploying AMR-HR
20
NOKIA
Benefits of AMR
Summary
Speech quality enhancement: AMR maintains good speech quality
in the situation where the connection faces low C/I or low signal
level
Capacity and coverage gain: Link level simulation results
illustrated improvement in terms of TCH FER (up to 5.5dB at 1%
FER in C/I)
Signalling channel performance: due to retransmissions schemes
used by these channels the probability of signalling success
maintain very high even for very degraded conditions
Improved BCCH plan: tighter frequency reuse or better quality
with same frequency reuse, potentially releasing frequencies to be
used on the non-BCCH layer.
HR utilisation increases the hardware capacity of the cell since
two half-rate connections can be allocated to fill only one timeslot.
When compare AMR HR to previous GSM HR codec, it is noticed
that AMR HR obtains remarkable better speech quality
21
NOKIA
AMR Codecs
22
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AMR Codecs
Full Rate Half rate
EFR 12.2
10.2
7.95
7.95
IS-136 7.4
7.4
6.7
6.7
5.9
5.9
AMR Full Rate performance compared to

Full Rate EFR in Clean Speech
MOS (Mean Opinion Score)
5.0
4.0
3.0
5.15
5.15
4.75
4.75
6 dB gain in
performance
2.0
1.0
No Errors
EFR
AMR FR
16 dB C/I
13 dB C/I
10 dB C/I
7 dB C/I
4 dB C/I
Speech bit rate
New AMR family of codecs

tolerates 6 dB higher interference
than current GSM EFR codec
Can be directly utilized for higher
capacity with Frequency Hopping
Higher interference tolerance
Reduced time slot occupancy
23
NOKIA
AMR Half Rate performance compared to

Full Rate in Clean Speech
MOS (Mean Opinion Score)
Quality loss
5.0
of ~ 0.2
between
AMR HR
4.0
and FR
3.0
2.0
AMR HR
AMR FR
1.0
No Errors 19 dB C/I16 dB C/I 13 dB C/I10 dB C/I 7 dB C/I 4 dB C/I
Channel and Speech Codecs for AMR

Channel Channel
mode
codec
Source coding
bit-rate, speech
Mode
TCH/FR
TCH/HR
Net bit-rate,
in-band
channel
Channel
coding
bit-rate,
speech
Channel
coding
bit-rate, inband
CH0-FS
12.20kbit/s (GSMEFR)
0.10 kbit/s
10.20 kbit/s
0.30 kbit/s
CH1-FS
10.20 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
12.20 kbit/s
0.30 kbit/s
CH2-FS
7.95 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
14.45 kbit/s
0.30 kbit/s
CH3-FS
7.40 kbit/s (IS-641)
0.10 kbit/s
15.00 kbit/s
0.30 kbit/s
CH4-FS
6.70 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
15.70 kbit/s
0.30 kbit/s
CH5-FS
5.90 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
16.50 kbit/s
0.30 kbit/s
CH6-FS
5.15 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
17.25 kbit/s
0.30 kbit/s
CH7-FS
4.75 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
17.65 kbit/s
0.30 kbit/s
CH8-HS
7.95 kbit/s (*)
0.10 kbit/s
3.25 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
CH9-HS
7.40 kbit/s (IS-641)
0.10 kbit/s
3.80 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
CH10-HS
6.70 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
4.50 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
CH11-HS
5.90 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
5.30 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
CH12-HS
5.15 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
6.05 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
CH13-HS
4.75 kbit/s
0.10 kbit/s
6.45 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s
(*) Requires 16 kbit/s TRAU. Therefore it is not seen as a feasible codec mode and will not be
supported by Nokia BSS10.
In high-error conditions more bits are used for error correction to obtain
error robust coding, while in good transmission conditions a lower
amount of bits is needed for sufficient error protection and more bits can
therefore be allocated for source coding
24
NOKIA
Benefits of AMR 1/2

Scenario
Highest MOS
Highest HR usage then
highest MOS but MOS
>= 3.8
Highest quality
What is quality?
Anything else?
MOS
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
25
NOKIA
EFR
12.2
10.2
7.95
7.4
6.7
5.9
5.15
4.75
No Errors
C/I=16 dB
Conditions
C/I=13 dB
C/I=10 dB
C/I= 7 dB
C/I= 4 dB
4.01
3.65
3.05
1.53
4.13
3.93
3.44
1.46
C/I= 1 dB
EFR
4.01
12.2
4.01
10.2
4.06
3.96
4.05
3.80
2.04
7.95
3.91
4.01
4.08
3.96
3.26
1.43
7.4
3.83
3.94
3.98
3.84
3.11
1.39
6.7
3.77
3.80
3.86
3.29
1.87
5.9
3.72
3.69
3.59
2.20
5.15
3.50
3.58
3.44
2.43
4.75
3.50
3.52
3.43
2.66
4.06
Benefits of AMR 2/2

HR utilisation
doubles the
capacity of the
cell
When compare
AMR HR to
previous GSM HR
codec, it is
noticed that AMR
HR obtains
remarkable
better speech
quality
26
NOKIA
5.0
M OS
Experiment 1b - Test Results
4.0
3.0
EFR
7.95
7.4
6.7
5.9
5.15
4.75
FR
HR
2.0
Condi ti ons
1.0
No Errors
C/I=19 dB
C/I=16 dB
C/I=13 dB
C/I=10 dB
C/I= 7 dB
C/I= 4 dB
4.21
3.74
3.34
1.58
EFR
4.21
7.95
4.11
4.04
3.96
3.37
2.53
1.60
7.4
3.93
3.93
3.95
3.52
2.74
1.78
6.7
3.94
3.90
3.53
3.10
2.22
1.21
5.9
3.68
3.82
3.72
3.19
2.57
1.33
5.15
3.70
3.60
3.60
3.38
2.85
1.84
4.75
3.59
3.46
3.42
3.30
3.10
2.00
FR
3.50
3.50
3.14
2.74
1.50
HR
3.35
3.24
2.80
1.92
Demo
Speech samples
27
NOKIA
Nokia AMR Link Adaptation
28
NOKIA
Link Adaptation in AMR Codec (1/2)

Link Adaptation is the capability of AMR feature to vary the codec used
according to the link conditions
Both network, for uplink, and MS, for downlink, measure the radio
conditions in each link and take decisions on which codec should be
applied to each way AMR codec mode adaptation is done
independently in UL and DL
There are two link adaptation (LA) modes; the ETSI specified fast LA and
the Nokia proprietary slow LA
slowAmrLaEnabled: if it is set to "N" (default) it is used ETSI fast LA;
if it is set to "Y" it used Nokia slow LA
With slow LA, BTS allows in-band codec mode changes only on the
SACCH frame interval of 480 ms
Two different types of link adaptation algorithms are defined: Codec Mode
Adaptation and Channel Mode Adaptation
AMR codec mode adaptation algorithm adapts the bit-rate partitioning
between the speech and channel coding for a given channel mode to track
changes in the radio link and to account for specific input conditions
(speech signal characteristics, acoustic environmental characteristics, etc.)
AMR channel mode adaptation algorithm allocates a half-rate or full-rate
channel according to channel quality and the traffic load on the cell in
order to obtain the best balance between quality and capacity
29
NOKIA
Link Adaptation in AMR Codec (2/2)

C/I
C/I
EFR operation
AMR mode
AMR
Mode
30
AMR
FR
25
12.2 kbit/s
20
7.95 kbit/s
HR
12.2
10.2
[dB]
7.95
15
6.70 kbit/s
10
5.90 kbit/s
7.4
7.4
6.7
6.7
5.9
5.9
5.15 5.15
4.75 4.75
0
0
10
15
20
Time[s]
30
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25
30
31
NOKIA

Codec Mode Adaptation or Link Adaptation (LA) is the algorithm that selects
which codec has to be used each moment by the MS (in UL) or by the network
(in DL direction).
The basic AMR codec mode sets for MS and BTS are provided by BSC via layer 3
signalling
Both the MS and the network implement their own C/I measurement algorithms
C/I measuremnt algorithms are vendor dependant / proprietary
Nokia has common UL/DL link adaptation thresholds
32
NOKIA
Objective of Codec Mode Adaptation

Select the codec that provides the best speech
quality depending on radio conditions
4.5
4
3.5
MOS
3
2.5
FR 12.2 MOS
FR 7.4 MOS
FR 5.9 MOS
1.5
FR 4.75 MOS
HR 7.4 MOS
HR 5.9 MOS
0.5
HR 4.75 MOS
0
0
10
11
12
13
C/I (dB)
33
NOKIA
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Parameters for Link Adaptation

When deploying AMR the following parameters are
important for the Link Adaptation:
ACS (Active Codec Set) which defines the codecs
that can be used in a BTS during a call.
Thresholds used: Defines the CIR value to change
the codec from a less robust codec to the
immediate more robust one in the ACS
Hysteresis: the values in dB to add to the
thresholds in order to go from a robust codec to
the immediate less robust one in the ACS.
For instance:
ACS= [AFS12.2, AFS7.9, AFS4.75],
Thresholds: 12dB, 8dB, Hysteresis: 1dB, 1dB
With these settings the change from codec AFS7.9
to AFS4.75 will happen when the CIR is below 8dB,
while from AFS4.75 up to AFS7.9 it will be with 9dB.
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NOKIA
Procedure in MS for AMR Link

Adaptation
CIR
FadingProfile
Estimator
Meas i
Measi+1 Meas i+2 Meas i+3
...
Filter
CMR
35
NOKIA
Comparison with
Thresholds
CIR norm
(LQE)
Conversion to CIR and

compensation for
Channel Profile
AMR Link adaptation

Codec mode adaptation, BTS
level
Codec mode changed
according to channel
conditions (UL/DL C/I)
Only up to four codecs can be
used during a call
Channel mode adaptation
FR <-> HR changed by handover

(packing and unpacking)
Based on BTS load (BSC level) and

channel condition (RxQual)
Goalthe highest MOS (Mean

Opinion Score)
Mode indications inform the
receiver about the currently
applied codec mode
Mode Command informs MS
about the codec mode to be
applied on the uplink
36
NOKIA
In band signalling
CMI,
CMC
C MR
,
C MI
SF 2
UL
SF 1
SF 4CMR SF 6CMR
CMR
SF 3
8
TDMA
CMI SF 5CMI SF 7 CMI
CMR
CMI
frames
SF 2 CMI SF 4 CMI SF 6 CMISF 8 CMI
DL
SF 1
SF 3
SF 9
CMCSF 5 CMCSF 7 CMC
CMI
CMI
CMC
CMR
CMI
CMI
CMC
CMC
CMR
CMR
CMI
CMI
CMI
CMI
CMC
SF= Speech Frame CMC = Codec Mode Command

CMI = Codec Mode Indicator
37
NOKIA
CMR= Codec ModeRequest
CMR
CMC
CMI
CMI
CMC
time
Impact of wrong LA
Due to wrong LA threshold selection, or wrong estimation of radio
conditions, the codec used under certain conditions might not be
the best performing one, reducing Speech Quality.
non-ideal LA 1
(Lower MOS &
HIGH FER)
non-ideal LA 2
(Lower MOS &
low FER)
AFS475
AFS7.90
AFS12.2
Actual CIR for codec

changes for LA 1
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Ideal CIR for codec

changes
Actual CIR for codec

changes for LA 2
Channel Mode Adaptation
39
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Channel Mode Adaptation

Channel Mode Adaptation is an intra BTS HO
algorithm that aims at select the correct channel rate
(FR or HR).
The selection of the channel rate depends on 2 main
factors: load and quality
load
FR
Good
Quality
packing
HR
FR
unpacking
HR
Bad
Qualit
y
40
NOKIA
Packing Procedure
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NOKIA
Channel mode adaptation: Packing

Handover between AMR FR and AMR HR is intra-cell (intra BTS) handover
Spontaneous packing of FR AMR calls to HR AMR calls is triggered when the cell
load is high enough, the number of free full rate resources reduces below the
value of the parameter btsLoadDepTCHRate (HRL).
Packing continues until the cell load is low enough, the number of free full rate
resources increases above the value of the parameter btsLoadDepTCHRate (HRU).
Free FR TCHs
Upper limit for free FR TCHs
btsLoadDepTCHRate(HRU)
Lower limit for free FR TCHs

btsLoadDepTCHRate(HRL)
No packing of
AMR FR calls
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NOKIA
Packing of
AMR FR calls
No packing of
AMR FR calls
Time
Packing from AMR FR to AMR HR (1/2)

Spontaneous Packing of AMR FR to AMR HR call is triggered when
free full rate resources reduces below the value of the parameter
btsLoadDepTCHRate(HRL) or btsSpLoadDepTCHRate (FRL)
HRL is a BSC level parameter

FRL is a BTS level parameter, once defined, it can overwrite
HRL
AND FR calls which quality is better than amrHandoverFr(IHRF) for

both UL and DL
Px: The Px of Threshold quality DL Px (QDP) is used.
Nx: The Nx of Threshold quality DL Nx (QDN) is used.
Note:
Packing quality threshold is for both UL/DL threshold
Packing quality does not have its own Px/Nx
Packing quality does not have its own averaging windows and
weighting
43
NOKIA
Packing from AMR FR to AMR HR (2/2)
Packing happens to permanent HR channels

Packing happens to DR channels which half has been
occupied
Packing happens when there are even number of FR calls to
DR channels.
Packing continues until the number of free full rate resources

increases above the value of the parameter btsLoadDepTCHRate
(HRU) or btsSpLoadDepTCHRate (FRU)
HRU is a BSC level parameter
FRU is a BTS level parameter, once defined, it can overwrite
HRU
Packing is triggered by new TCH allocation
Queueing is not allowed for packing procedure
44
NOKIA
Un-Packing Procedure
45
NOKIA
Unpacking from AMR HR to FR

Spontaneous unpacking of AMR HR calls to AMR FR
calls is triggered when the quality of a AMR HR call
degrades below the amrHandoverHr(IHRH) for
either UL or DL
Px: The Px of Threshold quality DL Px (QDP) is
used.
Nx: The Nx of Threshold quality DL Nx (QDN) is
used.
Queuing is allowed for unpacking procedure
46
NOKIA
Nokia AMR Interaction

with Other Nokia Features
47
NOKIA
Interaction with other features

DADL/B
New adjacent cell parameter to handover AMR calls from nonAMR-capable cells to co-located AMR-capable cells during call
set-up phase
Handover
48
NOKIA
Prioritization of AMR capable cells during internal and external

handovers (AMR capable cells which load is low (BTS load
threshold (BLT) parameter), are on the top of the handover
target cell list)
New RxQual thresholds for AMR FR and AMR HR
New RxQual thresholds for HOs between AMR channel rates
(relates to AMR FR call packing and AMR HR call unpacking)
Interaction with other features

Power Control
New RxQual thresholds for AMR FR and AMR HR
IFH and IUO
49
NOKIA
New good and bad C/I thresholds for AMR FR and AMR HR
Radio Link Timeout

Background
3GPP 05.08 states that Radio Link Failure (RLF) in the MS is
determined by the success rate of decoding messages on the
downlink SACCH
The aim of determining RLF in the MS is to ensure that calls with
unacceptable voice/data quality, which cannot be improved either by
RF power control or handover, are either re-established or released in
a defined manner
The Radio Link Timeout (RLT) parameter controls that a forced release
(drop) will not normally occur until the call has degraded to a quality
below that at which the majority of subscribers would have manually
released it
The RLF procedure is implemented in the RRM at the BSC and is as
follows:
After the assignment of a dedicated channel a counter is initialized
to RLT
When a SACCH message is unsuccessfully decoded the counter is
decreased by 1
When a SACCH message is successfully decoded the counter is
increased by 2
If the counter reaches 0 a RLF is declared Call is released
50
NOKIA
Radio Link Timeout

AMR FR vs. EFR - Test 1
The RLT is based on SACCH
erased frames, which are
independent of speech frames
AMR
EFR
Time
RLT
00:25:55:82
00:25:56:30
00:25:56:78
00:25:57:26
00:25:57:74
00:25:58:23
00:25:58:71
00:25:59:20
00:25:59:68
00:26:00:16
00:26:00:64
00:26:01:12
00:26:01:60
00:26:02:08
00:26:02:56
00:26:03:05
00:26:03:53
00:26:04:01
00:26:04:49
00:26:04:97
00:26:05:45
00:26:05:93
00:26:06:41
00:26:06:89
00:26:07:37
00:26:07:85
00:26:08:34
00:26:08:82
00:26:09:30
rivada:
00:26:09:78
RLT = 44 is equivalent to
0 when using FI XED RLT
00:26:10:26
equal to 20 (DEFAULT
00:26:10:74
NOKIA VALUE)
00:26:11:23
00:26:11:71
00:26:12:19
00:26:12:67
00:26:13:15
00:26:13:63
00:26:14:11
The tests were aimed to find RLT

value producing the same speech
degradation in AMR as EFR would
suffer with default RLT value for
this traffic (i.e. 20)
The indicator used was number of

BQS-FER (with FER>50%/25%)
between the time when the
counter starts decreasing from its
top value (64) to the point where
the link would be released (i.e.,
when the counter is decreased by
the RLT parameter)
Number of
Number of unaccepta
una cceptable
ble
samples
sa mples
(FER>50%) ( FER>25
%)
FER
64
64
63
62
64
63
62
64
64
63
62
64
64
63
62
61
60
59
61
60
59
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
13
42
54
25
50
42
54
38
50
54
46
58
58
46
67
75
58
67
58
75
54
58
79
58
88
92
63
88
83
88
88
88
75
75
83
83
96
92
83
Time
00:26:01:79
00:26:02:27
00:26:02:76
00:26:03:24
00:26:03:72
00:26:04:20
00:26:04:68
00:26:05:16
00:26:05:65
00:26:06:13
00:26:06:61
00:26:07:09
00:26:07:58
00:26:08:06
00:26:08:54
00:26:09:02
00:26:09:50
00:26:09:99
00:26:10:47
00:26:10:95
00:26:11:43
00:26:11:91
00:26:12:40
00:26:12:88
00:26:13:36
00:26:13:84
00:26:14:32
00:26:14:80
00:26:15:28
00:26:15:76
00:26:16:25
00:26:16:73
00:26:17:21
26
RLT
FER
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
39
38
37
36
35
29
43
75
50
29
50
29
70
21
63
63
82
92
78
58
71
92
91
67
88
88
83
100
63
70
96
88
80
88
82
95
78
92
Number of
unacceptable
samples
(FER>50%)
RLT to
select
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
RLT has very high impact on

DCR
51
NOKIA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
25
26
27
28
29
Number of
unaccepta
ble
samples
(FER>25
%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Radio Link Timeout

AMR-FR vs. EFR Test 2
Aim is to evaluate when AMR-FR is used which RLT value will result
in comparable performance (point at which call is released) to the
recommended RLT for EFR
The RLT is based on SACCH erased frames, which are independent
of speech frames. The principle of the tests is to find RLT value
producing the same speech degradation (FER > 15 % MOS <
1.5 no audible speech during 30 sec before dropping) in AMR as
EFR would suffer with default RLT value for this traffic (i.e. 20)
The driving route started at a good coverage location and ended
at a bad coverage area
52
NOKIA
AMR vs EFR: FER Before Dropping
FER average every 5 seconds, during last 30 seconds before

dropping for: RLT = 20, 28, 32, 36
53
NOKIA
Dropped Call Experience

Dropped call experience: how long terminal does not receive any
audible speech (MOS<1.5) before it drops
During 30 seconds before dropping, FER AMR is lower than FEREFR
FEREFR > 15 % during last 30 seconds before dropping, for RLT = 20
AMR, FER > 15 %
EFR, FER > 15%
RLT = 20
10-15 seconds before dropping
25-30 s. before drop
RLT = 28
RLT = 32
RLT = 36
RLT = xx
35-40 s. before drop
Conclusion:
AMRRLT=36 has a similar dropped call experience to EFR RLT=20
54
NOKIA
AMR Support in Nokia System
55
NOKIA
Elements Needed for AMR Feature

Following network elements and mobile phone are needed to get
AMR system feature to work:
BTS: Nokia Talk-Family DF6, Nokia Prime Site DF6, Nokia
MetroSite CXM3.0-2, Nokia Ultra Site CX3, Connect Site.
S10.5
TCSM: TCSM2 with an AMR capable pool (23)
MSC: M10
NMS: NetAct OSS3.1
MS: AMR capable phones
56
NOKIA
AMR Support in Nokia BTS's

Nokia 2nd Generation BTS (DE21 BTS:)
Nokia's
2nd generation BTS will not support AMR.
Nokia Talk-family BTS (DF34 BTS):

Nokia's
Talk-family BTS will have AMR support for FR

modes 4.75, 5.9, 7.4 and 12.2 as well as for HR modes
4.75, 5.9 and 7.4 (*). With this approach, the link
adaptation between full scale of FR modes and almost full
scale of HR can be achieved (note that only 4 codecs can
be selected to be used during a call).
Nokia PrimeSite BTS:

Nokia
PrimeSite will have same AMR support as Talk. The

frequency hopping functionality will be removed from
PrimeSite BTSs to enable this modification. Last PrimeSite
SW release supporting frequency hopping will be DF5.0.
Nokia InSite BTS:

Nokia
InSite BTS will not support AMR
Nokia MetroSite and UltraSite BTS:

Nokia's
57
NOKIA
MetroSite and UltraSite will have full AMR support.
TALK-family
BTS:
Full Rate Half
rate
12.2
10.2
7.95
7.95
7.4
7.4
6.7
6.7
5.9
5.9
5.15
5.15
4.75
4.75
Nokia AMR Parameters
58
NOKIA
Link Adaptation Related Parameters
59
NOKIA
Steps to configure Link Adaptation

First, selection of the Active Codec Set (codecs to be used
during the calls for both FR and HR). FRC & HRC parameter
Then, selection of CIR thresholds to change codecs and
hysteresis
Selection of the initial codec to be used at the beginning of the
allocation (ICMI- FRI & FRS for FR and ICMI-HRI and HRS for
HR)
Selection of standard Link Adaptation (every 40 ms) or Slow
Link Adaptation (every 480ms) (SLA)
60
NOKIA
Link Adaptation Related Parameters

BTS level parameters
61
NOKIA
Definition of the Active Codec Set
amrConfigurationFr: codecModeSet (FRC)
& amrConfigurationHr: codecModeSet (HRC)
Maximum of 4 codecs can be included in ACS, although it can be less (or even disable)
Codecs supported in different BTS models

BTS
2nd Generat
Talk Family
Metro & Ultrasite
Values
Example (default)
62
NOKIA
AMR FR
AFS 475, AFS590, AFS740, AFS122
All codecs
AMR-HR
AHS475, AHS 590, AHS 740
All exepct AHS790
Range: 0..240 (0 or 1-4 values

from these: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 & 128)
Range: 0..30 (0 or 1-4 values from

these: 1, 2, 4, 8 & 16)
0 (0000 0000) = disabled

1 (0000 0001) = 4.75 kbit/s
2 (0000 0010) = 5.15 kbit/s
4 (0000 0100) = 5.90 kbit/s
8 (0000 1000) = 6.70 kbit/s
16 (0001 0000) = 7.40 kbit/s
32 (0010 0000) = 7.95 kbit/s
64 (0100 0000) = 10.2 kbit/s
128 (1000 0000) = 12.2 kbit/s
0 (0000 0000)
1 (0000 0001)
2 (0000 0010)
4 (0000 0100)
8 (0000 1000)
16 (0001 0000)
1001 0101 = (4.75, 5.90, 7.40 & 12.2)
0001 0101 = (4.75, 5.90 & 7.40)
= disabled
= 4.75 kbit/s
= 5.15 kbit/s
= 5.90 kbit/s
= 6.70 kbit/s
= 7.40 kbit/s
Codec mode adaptation: Threshold and

hysteresis
Both Threshold and hysteresis has 0.5 dB step
One threshold to go from one codec to the closest higher
or lower one
FR Example:
AFS122, C/I < 11 dB, AFS122 AFS740
AFS740, C/I > 11+1 dB, AFS740 AFS122
Codec Mode
(kbit/s)
Threshold (C/I)
4 (12.2)
TH3 (11 dB)
3 (7.4)
TH2 (7 dB)
H3 (1 dB)
2 (5.9)
TH1 (4 dB)
H2 (1 dB)
1 (4.75)
63
NOKIA
Hysteresis (C/I)
H1 (1 dB)
Codec mode adaptation: Threshold and

hysteresis
Codec
mode
FR12.2
(codec 4)
1dB
FRH3
FR7.4
(codec 3)
1dB
FRH2
FR5.9 (codec 2)
1dB
FRH1
FR4.75
(codec 1)
64
NOKIA
4dB
FRT1
5dB
7dB
FRT2
8dB
11dB 12dB
FRT3
C/I
estimati
on
Initial Codec Mode Indicator
Separate parameters for FR and HR:
FR:
amrConfigurationFr: initCodecMode (ICMI) (FRI)
Initial codec mode for call set-up and HO

0 = Initial codec mode is defined by the implicit rule
provided in GSM 05.09
1 = Initial codec mode is defined by amrConfigurationFr:
startMode (FRS)
00: Codec mode 1 (most robust within ACS)

01: Codec mode 2
10: Codec mode 3
HR:
11: Codec mode 4
amrConfigurationHr: initCodecMode (ICMI) (HRI)
65
NOKIA
amrConfHrStartMode (HRS)
HR 7.4 cannot be used as start mode
Slow Link Adaptation

slowAmrLaEnabled (SAL): Y/N
66
NOKIA
enable slow link adaptation. This is a proprietary

algorithm where codec mode changes happen every
SACCH period (480ms) instead of as fast as 40ms.
Report 245:
Distribution of call samples UL/DL by FER
classes
ND 245
The reported codec

is the last used
codec of reported
SACCH period.
DL codec and FER
distribution is
avaibable from
Drive Test tool.
67
NOKIA
Channel allocation Parameters

(Call set-up and Packing/Unpacking)
68
NOKIA
IAC (Initial AMR Channel Rate)

initAmrChannelRate (IAC):
1 = Any rate. Channel type allocation depends
on further network parameters/settings
2 = AMR FR
AMR FR is preferred over AMR HR and
allocated despite of the values of the currently
used information for channel allocation
IAC=2 overrides tchRateInternalHo (HRI)
parameter
69
NOKIA
Packing/Unpacking Parameters and Channel Rate

allocation
BSC level parameters
Q3 NAME
Acronymn
btsLoadDepTCHRate
btsLoadDepTCHRate
HRL
HRU
RANGE
0
0
...
...
UNIT
100
100
%
%
MML
EE
EE
MML Default
100
0

Q3 NAME
Acronymn
btsSpLoadDepTCHRate (BTSlevel)
btsSpLoadDepTCHRate (BTSlevel)
amrHandoverFr
amrHandoverHr
FRL
FRU
IHRF
IHRH
70
NOKIA
RANGE
0
0
0
0
...
...
...
...
UNIT
100
100
7
7
%
%
MML
EQ
EQ
EH
EH
MML Default
100
0
0
4
Channel allocation: Call set-up and

handovers
btsLoadDepTCHRate (HRL) and btsLoadDepTCHRate (HRU)
are considered in call set-up and handovers only when IAC=1
HR is to be assigned if free resources go below HRL
FR is to be assigned if free resources go above HRU
In channel allocation for Handovers, there is an additional
parameter that can be used to set further control
tchRateInternalHo (HRI) is used to control the speech
and channel type changes in handover when IAC=1
If set HRI=1, channel type and speech codec used in
source BTS are primarily allocated in the target BTS
71
NOKIA

1. New channel allocation
2. BSC make Intra-cell HO
(Packing TS4&5 calls into HR calls TS7)
Free FR resources increased by one
Case 1.

2. Packing TS4 FR call into HR call TS7
Free FR resources increased by one
Case 2.
MBCCHC
72
NOKIA
TCHF
FR call
TCHD
HR call

Case 3.
2. No packing
(due to lack of TCHD resources)
BSC performs packing for FR AMR calls only when Rxqual

is above the amrHandoverFr (IHRF)
73
NOKIA
Channel mode adaptation: Unpacking

1. Unpacking due to Rx qual
Case 4.
2. Packing due to load
Unpacking of HR AMR calls to FR AMR calls is triggered when the

quality of a HR AMR call degrades below the amrHandoverHr
(IHRH).
IHRH = 3, RxQual 3 to 7 will be unpacked
Cell load does not have an effect
74
NOKIA
Packing/Unpacking RXQUAL Threshold

Selection from Field Tests
75
NOKIA
RXQUAL vs. aveFER in 2sec PERIODs

(TEMS) Average FER in 2sec periods
AMR-HR AHS4.75-AHS7.4 16dB Thr & 3dB Hyst
Averaged RXQual distribution in ROUTE 1

50%
45%
25
40%
35%
20
Average FER
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
15
10
5
5%
0%
RXQUAL 0 RXQUAL 1 RXQUAL 2 RXQUAL 4 RXQUAL 4 RXQUAL 5 RXQUAL 6 RXQUAL 7
0
RXQUAL 1
RXQUAL 2
RXQUAL 4
RXQUAL 4
RXQUAL 5
RXQUAL 6
RXQUAL 7
Averaged RXQual distribution in ROUTE 1

Average FER in 2sec
According to the average FER, RXQual 5 can be considered still as

providing enough quality to serve AMR-HR. Also note that in such
conditions, most robust HR codecs will be used but for high
capacity networks this would be enough
76
NOKIA
Correlation RXQUAL vs FER in 2sec

PERIOD
With RXQual 5, still AMR-HR can provide enough quality to serve
traffic if high capacity numbers are required.
(TEMS) Distribution of FER in 2sec per RXQUAL class for AMR-HR AHS4.75-AHS7.4 16dB and 3dB Hyst
100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
RXQual 1
RXQual 2
RXQual 3
RXQual 4
RXQual 5
RXQual 6
RXQual 7
10.00%
.00%
10% of
samples
having worse
than 4% FER
WITH RXQual
5
77
NOKIA
TEMS Snapshot
In an
environment
around RXQual
5, less than 2
frames erased
per SACCH
period.
AMR-HR with
RXQual 5 could
be used when
trying to have
agressive HR
penetration
78
NOKIA
Packing/Unpacking threshold selection

From the performance of AMR-HR it can be concluded that RXQual 4
might be a safe value for packing from FR to HR in order to ensure
proper quality of AMR-HR.
If more agressive deployment is required and more penetration of
AMR-HR is aimed at, then RXQual 5 threshold can be used still safely.
(NOTE: In the current implementation of BSS10.5 calls pack when
RXQual is < IHRF and unpack when RXQual is >= IHRH.)
79
NOKIA
Channel mode adaptation: Additional

notes
HRL and HRU are set on BSC level but load evaluation is based on
working FR TSLs for CS in individual BTS.
Lower limit for FR TCH resources (FRL) and upper limit for FR TCH
resources (FRU) are BTS specific parameters. They have priority
over (HRL) and (HRU)
The feature is disable when set HRU <= HRL or FRU <= FRL
Requirements for maximum usage of HR
HRU = 99
HRL = 98
IAC = 1
IHRF = 3, RX Qual 0, 1, 2, 3 are required for packing
IHRH = 4, Rx Qual 4, 5, 6, 7 triggers unpacking
TRIH = 0, no restriction, channel rate selection based on HRI
80
NOKIA
Other parameters affecting channel

allocation in HOs
81
NOKIA
amrConf lnHandover
amrConf lnHandover
1 = the currently used multirate configuration is preferred
2 = the multirate configuration of target BTS is preferred
amrSetGradesEnabl Y/N
Y = downgrades and upgrades are applied
N = downgrades and upgrades are not applied
If multirate configuration of source and target BTS are the same,
these 2 parameters has no impact.
82
NOKIA
amrConflnHandover
If multirate configuration of source and target BTS are difference
(e.g. Talk family BTS supports less codecs than UltraSite and
MetroSite), the multirate configuration can be aligned before or
after HO.
Recommendation
amrConflnHandover = 2
amrSetGradesEnabl = Y
Mode modify is triggered for BTS and MS on source side before HO
if target BTS support less codec (downgraded, UltraSite Talk
family)
Mode modify is triggered for BTS and MS on target side after HO if
target BTS support more codec (upgrade, Talk family UltraSite)
In order to make it possible to connect unidirectional speech path
on target side, the multirate configuration on both sides should be
the same (reduce muting period during HO).
83
NOKIA
Report 248: Codec set modification failure

ratio
ND 248
84
NOKIA
TCH in handover (HRI)

With this parameter you define the traffic channel allocation
during BSS internal or external handovers. The parameter
controls the target cell selection and the TCH channel
rate and speech codec determination in traffic channel
allocation.
HRI = 1 Call serving type TCH and speech codec are

preferred. The call serving type of speech codec inside the call
serving
type of TCH can change.
HRI = 2
Call serving type of TCH and speech codec are
preferred for speech
Channel rate change is possible for data if the radio
interface data rate allows it
85
NOKIA
TCH rate intra-cell handover (HRI)

HRI = 3 Channel rate and speech codec changes are totally denied
RHI = 4 Preferred channel rate of TCH and preferred

speech codec have to be primarily allocated
RHI = 5 ... TCH has to be primarily allocated from
the best BTS of thehandover candidate list.
Recommended value = 1 (default) OR 4
86
NOKIA
TCH rate intra-cell handover (TRIH)

With this parameter you control the TCH channel
rate determination in TCH allocation and the TCH
speech codec to be allocated during internal intracell handover.
TRIH = 0 No Constraints. Follows HRI settings
TRIH = 1 Call serving type TCH and speech codec are
preferred
Preferred over different type TCH and speech codec
Only when same type TCH and speech codec is not avaialble
TRIH = 2
Call serving type of TCH and speech codec are
preferred for speech
Channel rate change is possible for data if the radio
interface data rate allows it
87
NOKIA
TCH rate intra-cell handover (TRIH)

TRIH = 3 Channel rate and speech codec changes are totally denied
Not allowed
Allowed
TRIH = 4 Preferred channel rate of TCH and preferred speech codec

have to be primarily allocated
Recommended value = 0 (default)
88
NOKIA
AMR specific Hand-Over and Power Control

Parameters
89
NOKIA
Power Control Parameters
Separate thresholds for AMR-HR

Different PC thresholds for AMR than for
EFR
AMR allows to use more aggressive PC
thresholds (1-2 classes lower)
Same voting used as for EFR (px/nx)
90
NOKIA
AMR Parameters
AMR PC Control Thresholds - BTS level parameters
Q3 NAME
Acronymn
amrPowerControlFr *lower threshold dl Rx Qual*

amrPowerControlHr *lower threshold dl Rx Qual*
amrPowerControlFr *lower threshold ul Rx Qual*
amrPowerControlHr *lower threshold ul Rx Qual*
amrPowerControlFr *upper threshold dl Rx Qual*
amrPowerControlHr *upper threshold dl Rx Qual*
amrPowerControlFr *upper threshold ul Rx Qual*
amrPowerControlHr *upper threshold ul Rx Qual*
LDRF
LDRH
LURF
LURH
UDRF
UDRH
UURF
UURH
91
NOKIA
RANGE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
UNIT MML
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
MML Default
4
3
4
3
0
0
0
0
Impact at system level of Power Control

Parameters
EFR vs AMR
Performance vs. PC settings

4.5%
4.5%
3.5%
100% EFR PC=2/3
100% AMR
3.5%
3.0%
3.0%
T CH fE R > 4%
% Bad Quality Samples
4.0%
4.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
2.5%
140 %
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
1.0%
0.5%
100% AMR PC=3/5
0.5%
0.0%
P C=5/3
PC=5/4
PC=4/3
PC= 3/2
0.0%
5%
PC se ttings
10%
15%
20%
25%
EFL( %)
TCH FE R > 4%
92
NOKIA
% ended call avg estimated MOS < 3.5
Codec MA
EFR
30%
35%
RXQual Handover Parameters

Separate thresholds for AMR-FR than for AMRHR
Different HO thresholds for AMR than for EFR
Same px/nx values used for both AMR and
EFR
AMR allows to use more aggressive HO
thresholds (1-2 classes lower)
Q3 NAME
Acronymn
Threshold dl Rx qual AMR HR

Threshold dl Rx qual AMR FR
Threshold ul Rx qual AMR FR
Threshold ul Rx qual AMR HR
93
NOKIA
QDRH
QDRF
QURF
QURH
RANGE
0
0
0
0
...
...
...
...
UNIT MML
7
7
7
7
EH
EH
EH
EH
MML Default
4
5
5
4
AMR Thresholds Overview
7
6
5 Qual_reason_HO for FR
UDRF, UURF
4 unpack HR -> FR
3 Qual_reason_HO for HR; LDRF, LURF
2 pack FR -> HR
UDRH, UURH
1
0
94
NOKIA
LDRH, LURH
Handover Prioritization
When there are cells
with AMR and

In order to facilitate the
Call set-up
without
AMR
continuation of an AMR call
In AMR environment,
DADL/B is
used
to handover AMR calls from non-AMR HO target cell list is sorted so that
capable cell to co-located AMR capable
lightly-loaded AMR-capable cells
cells during call set-up phase.
are more attractive.
Handover
AMR-capable cells can be defined
AMR cells which load below
by the AMR target cell of direct
access to desired layer (DADLA)
BTSLoadThreshold and meet
hoMarginPBGT are prioritised for AMR
Prioritized by BTS Load Threshold
call.
(BLT)
Prioritization only used for an ongoing AMR-mode call
1) DADL/B used to direct AMR
2) Prioritisation of AMR capable
mobiles to AMR capable cells
No-AMR
2nd gen. BTS
capable
AMR capable
UltraSite
(co-located)
95
NOKIA
SDCCH
TCH
cells in handovers
Relation with other HOs: Priority

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Interference (UL or DL)

NonBCCHLayerExit
Uplink quality
Downlink quality
AMR unpacking due to UL
level HO threshold and UL
quality (unpacking is started
instead of UL level based HO
if both, UL level and UL
quality for unpacking triggers)
6. Uplink level
7. AMR unpacking due to DL
level HO threshold and DL
quality (unpacking is started
instead of DL level based HO
if both, DL level and DL
quality for unpacking triggers)
8. Downlink level
9. MS-BS Distance
10. Turn-around-corner MS
11. Rapid field drop
12. Fast/Slow moving MS
13. Better cell (Power budget HO or
Umbrella HO)
14. Load based HO in Common
BCCH from BCCH/non-BCCH
layer to non-BCCH layer
15. AMR packing
16. AMR unpacking
* Priority applies when criteria are fulfilled at the same time

96
NOKIA
Nokia AMR KPI
97
NOKIA
AMR Performance Monitoring

AMR brings new speech codecs and channel encoders into air interface
Speech Codecs impact would be reflected in the speech quality perceived
Channel encoding enhancement is translated into better error correction
capabilities (lower FER for same RawBER), which, in turn, enhances the
speech quality
Traditional performance monitoring indicators based on RXQUAL
distribution, or Drop Call Rate, etc. does not reflect clearly the perceived
speech quality by the end user.
New methods to monitor the performance of AMR closer to speech
quality perceived by the user. 2 Main indicators are proposed: FER and OMOS (Objective MOS).
O-MOS is not simple to measure
(BSS 10.5) FER is available in UL, but DL FER will be reported when R
99 MS come. In the meantime DL FER is just estimated from RXQUAL
values
RXQUAL
98
NOKIA
FER
O-MOS
AMR KPIs
RXQUAL: Reported raw bit error rate
RXLEV: Reported received power
FER: Frame Erasure Rate (after decoding)
Codec distribution
MOS - speech quality
FER per codec
Call Drop Rate and other standard benchmarking measures
Network collected measurements:
99
NOKIA
Micros oft Word

Document
MOS & FER

Example of relation MOS-FER:
4-5% FER seems to be acceptable for almost all codecs
M OS
0.50
Perceived quality (MOS) degradation as a function of the FER

(FR Tests in Clean Speech)
M OS
0.50
GSM
06.7
5
0.00
-0.50
Perceived quality (MOS) degradation as a function of the FER

(HR Tests in Clean Speech)
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.00
7.95 HR
-1.50
-2.00
-2.50
-1.50
12.2
10.2
7.95 FR
7.4 FR
6.7 FR
5.9 FR
5.15 FR
4.75 FR
-3.00
0.001%
0.010%
6.7 HR
-2.00
NOKIA
5.9 HR
5.15 HR
-2.50
4.75 HR
FER
0.100%
1.000%
10.000%
FER
100.000%
-3.00
0.001%
MOS degradation for FR
100
7.4 HR
0.010%
0.100%
1.000%
10.000%
MOS degradation for HR
100.000%
AMR Effect on HO_QUALITY
RXLEV and Power Budget HO parameters identical for AMR

and EFR
AMR call would handover at the same point as an EFR call.
Separate RXQUAL threshold settings for AMR
Default set to worse values than EFR. (e.g. EFR =4, AMR
= 5)
With these default settings AMR calls would be expected
to have fewer HO due to quality
No difference in RXQUAL measurement method between EFR
and AMR
EFR call and AMR call in identical location should show
identical RXQUAL measurements
Packing/Unpacking
Unpacking from HR to FR is always based on RX quality
In congested cell with no available TS for unpacking, Intercell HO required based on RXQUAL.
101
NOKIA
AMR Effect on HO_Failures

Improved robustness in AMR over EFR
AMR better able to handle poor radio conditions - low RXLEV,
poor RXQUAL, low C/I
Separate RXQUAL HO threshold for AMR
Effort to squeeze more performance from AMR could have
negative impact in case parameters are not properly set up
and/or traffic is low
Packing/Unpacking
Congestion could cause negative impact to HO_Fail
No available TS for unpacking within cell. Inter-cell HO
required
Conclusion
Optimization of separate AMR parameters is important to
ensure no negative impact to HO_Failures. Different
environments will need different parameter settings to
optimise the performance.
102
NOKIA
Unpacking algorithm under congested conditions may

negatively impact HO_Failures
AMR Effect on DCR

The AMR feature itself will not impact the individual
connections DCR, but it will affect the overall system
DCR since the interference generated in the network is
lower due to the AMR power control settings.
Radio Link Timeout can be adapted to AMR in order for
dropped calls to maintain the same correlation with voice
quality degradation as with EFR (RLT value could be
moved from 20 to 36, for instance)
103
NOKIA
AMR Effect on BH_Congestion

Use of AMR HR will decrease BH_Cong
Special dimmensioning techniques are required:
% of HR capable terminals -> system level
Load in busy hour (C/I distribution) determines % of HR
terminals which can use HR -> cluster level
HR Dimmensioning tables determine the traffic (Erlangs) to be
carried for a certain TSL configuration, a certain grade of
service and % of HR traffic -> cell level
104
NOKIA
Network Doctor Reports related to AMR

REPORTS:
Report 246:
Percentage of call time using non-AMR, AMR-FR and AMR-HR
UL/DL RxQual classes for non-AMR, AMR-FR and AMR-HR
UL/DL FER classes for non-AMR, AMR-FR and AMR-HR
ND 246
Report 244:
Distribution of call samples UL/DL by codecs and RxQual
classes
In FLA the codec mode reported is the last used in 480ms
measurement interval (statistics will be fully accurate for SLA)ND 244
Report 245:
Distribution of call samples UL/DL by FER classes
ND 245
Report 247: Call Failure rate per codec type

ND 447
Report 248: Codec set modification failure ratio
105
NOKIA
ND 248
Nokia AMR Planning Aspects
106
NOKIA
Link Level Performance of AMR
107
NOKIA
C/I vs. FER performance, AMR FR

Frame Error Rates (FER) for ARM, EFR and FR Codecs
on Different C/I conditions (FR -Channel)
C/I [dB]
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
1
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
TU3-iFH
14.00%
108
NOKIA
FER [%]
56dB
GSM EFR
GSM FR
AMR 12.2 kbit/s
AMR 10.2 kbit/s
AMR 7.95 kbit/s
AMR 7.4 kbit/s
AMR 6.7 kbit/s
AMR 5.9 kbit/s
AMR 5.15 kbit/s
AMR 4.75 kbit/s
GSM HR
C/I vs. FER performance, AMR HR

Frame Error Rates (FER) for ARM HR Codecs
on Different C/I conditions (HR -Channel)
C/I [dB]
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Better
Performance
0.00%
than GSM-HR
2.00%
and GSM-FR
4.00%
(previous slide)
GSM HR
AMR 7.95 kbit/s
8.00%
10.00%
FER [%]
6.00%
AMR 7.4 kbit/s

AMR 6.7 kbit/s
AMR 5.9 kbit/s
AMR 5.15 kbit/s
AMR 4.75 kbit/s
TU3-iFH
12.00%
14.00%
109
NOKIA
UL lab results for fixed codecs and LA

TU50 non hopping, UL: Speech Quality
TU3 RH5, UL: Speech Quality
4.0000
4.0
4.0
3.5000
3.5
3.5
3.0000
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.0000
1.5000
1.0000
0.5000
0.0000
0
Note that only for

the case of TU3-rfh5
the real EFR codec
has been used to
assess PESQ-MOS
and FER. For other
8
10
16
cases,
it 12has14been
CIR(dB)
only AFS12.2
2.5
2.0
PESQ
PESQ
PESQ
2.5000
1.5
Speech Quality
(PESQ-MOS)
1.0
0.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
10
12
14
16
0.0
CIR(dB)
AFS475(1.C.1), PESQ
AFS122(1.C.2), PESQ
AFS740(1.C.3), PESQ
AFS475(1.A.1), PESQ
AFS122(1.A.2), PESQ
AFS740(1.A.3), PESQ
AFS590(1.C.7), PESQ
LAdef(1.C.4),PESQ
LAopt1(1.C.5),PESQ
AFS590(1.A.7), PESQ
LAdef(1.A.4),PESQ
LAopt2(1.A.6)
EFR(1.C.8)
10.00%
10.00%
FER(%)
10.00%
FER(%)
100.00%
1.00%
0.10%
0.10%
0.01%
0.01%
10
12
14
16
AFS475(1.B.1), PESQ
AFS122(1.B.2), PESQ
AFS740(1.B.3), PESQ
AFS590(1.B.7), PESQ
LAdef(1.B.4),PESQ
LAopt2(1.B.6),PESQ
TU3 non hopping, UL: FER(%)
100.00%
1.00%
CIR(dB)
100.00%
1.00%
0.10%
FER
0
10
12
14
0.01%
0
16
10
AFS475(1.A.1)
AFS122(1.A.2)
AFS740(1.A.3)
AFS475(1.C.1)
AFS122(1.C.2)
AFS740(1.C.3)
AFS590(1.A.7)
LAopt1(1.A.5)
LAopt2(1.C.6)
Ldef(1.C.4)
LAopt1(1.C.5)
EFR
NOKIA
12
14
16
10
12
14
CIR(dB)
CIR(dB)
CIR(dB)
110
TU3 RH5, UL ( lab measurements)
FER(%)
TU3 non hopping, UL: Speech Quality
AFS590(1.C.7)
AFS475(1.B.1)
AFS122(1.B.2)
AFS740(1.B.3)
AFS590(1.B.7)
Ldef(1.B.4)
LAopt2(1.B.6)
16
Comparison UL lab results vs.

Simulations
TU3 RH5, UL ( lab measurements)
10.00%
10.00%
10.00%
1.00%
FER(%)
100.00%
FER(%)
100.00%
FER(%)
100.00%
1.00%
0.10%
0.10%
0.10%
0.01%
0.01%
0
10
12
14
16
Lab
Measurements
4
10
12
0.01%
14
16
AFS475(1.A.1)
AFS122(1.A.2)
AFS740(1.A.3)
AFS475(1.C.1)
AFS122(1.C.2)
AFS740(1.C.3)
AFS590(1.A.7)
LAopt1(1.A.5)
LAopt2(1.C.6)
Ldef(1.C.4)
LAopt1(1.C.5)
EFR
TU50 no-hop, DL ( Simulations)
AFS590(1.C.7)
TU3 RH5, DL ( Simulations)
10.00%
10.00%
10.000%
0.01%
0.01%
14
16
AFS475(1.B.1)
AFS122(1.B.2)
AFS740(1.B.3)
AFS590(1.B.7)
Ldef(1.B.4)
LAopt2(1.B.6)
1.000%
1.00%
0.10%
12
TCH FER
100.000%
TCH FER
100.00%
0.10%
10
TU3 no-hop, DL ( Simulations)
100.00%
1.00%
8
CIR(dB)
CIR(dB)
CIR(dB)
TCH FER
1.00%
0.100%
Simulations
0
AFS4.75
111
NOKIA
C/I [dB]
AFS5.90
10
AFS7.40
0.010%
15
AFS12.2
fs475_RH5
C/I [dB]
fs590_RH5
10
fs740_RH5
15
fs122_RH5
5
AFS4.75
C/I [dB]
AFS5.90
10
AFS7.40
15
AFS12.2
Coverage Enhancement
112
NOKIA
AMR Coverage Improvement (link

budget)
AMR 12.2
AMR 5.15
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
TX power1
30 dBm
45 dBm
30 dBm
45 dBm
Combiner losses
3.4 dB
3.4 dB
Cable and
connector losses
2 dB
2 dB
Body loss
3 dB
3 dB
TX antenna gain
0 dBi
15 dBi
0 dBi
15 dBi
Antenna gain
15 dBi
0 dBi
15 dBi
0 dBi
Body losses2
0 dB
3 dB
0 dB
3 dB
SNR requirement
9 dB4
9 dB4
4 dB
4 dB
Receiver sensitivity
-107.4
-103.4
-112.4
-106.4
Max. allowed path

loss
149.4
154
155.4
159
Fading marging
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
Transmitter
Receiver:
Link:
Range [km]
4)Estimatedperformancefor1%FERinTU3multipathchannelwithfrequency
hopping
113
NOKIA
AMR FR: DL TU50 non-hopping MOS & FER

MOS/FER vs C/I TU50 NO HOP DL
4
16
3.5
14
12
~6 dB
2.5
10
1.5
0.5
FER
MOS
EFR MOS
AMR FR MOS
12.2 FER
AMR FR FER
~6 dB
0
0
2
10
12
14
C/I
114
NOKIA
16
18
AMR FR & HR: DL TU3 FH5 MOS & FER

MOS/FER vs C/I TU3 FH5 DL
4
50
45
3.5
40
3
35
~4 dB
25
20
1.5
15
~4 dB
10
~1 dB
0.5
0
2
10
12
C/I
115
NOKIA
EFR MOS
30
14
16
18
AMR FR MOS
FER
MOS
2.5
AMR HR MOS
12.2 FER
AMR FR FER
AMR HR FER
Field Tests:Sentivitiy Enhancement of

AMR
AMR
EFR
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
RXLEV -110 to -108
60
60
RXLEV -108 to -106
50
50
RXLEV -106 to -104
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
RXLEV -104 to -102

RXLEV -102 to -100
RXLEV -100 to -98
RXLEV -98 to -96
RXLEV -96 to -47
The higher robustness of AMR is clear, finding similar behaviour of

AMR in [104,-106] dBm as with EFR in the margin [100,102], so,
at least around 4dB coverage gain.
116
NOKIA
Dimensioning with AMR-HR
117
NOKIA
Dimensioning with AMR-HR

Erlang B table can not be used for dimensioning when AMR-HR
penetration is foreseen
That is, if all TSL are configured as DR, then the maximum traffic
that can be served with less than 2% GoS is not the one
provided by Erlang-B table when doubling the amount of
channels.
The reason is because now AMR-HR is not used in all TSL but
only in those that has good radio conditions.
New tables have been produced taking the percentage of traffic
that could be handled by HR.
These tables have been produced using a mathematical model
based on Markov processes (see reference at the end of the
material).
118
NOKIA
Example of reduction of TSL required

with AMR-HR
Saving Factor = % of resources (TS) saved by using AMR-HR
% of users with good conditions to use AMR-HR (for example C/I > 12dB)
2% GoS
Saving in
resources
# Time Slots
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
24
32
40
48
56
119
NOKIA
0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
10%
0.2%
0.8%
1.0%
1.3%
1.6%
2.0%
2.2%
2.5%
2.8%
3.0%
3.1%
3.2%
3.3%
3.4%
3.5%
3.6%
4.0%
4.2%
4.2%
4.2%
4.2%
20%
0.5%
2.5%
3.2%
4.1%
4.8%
5.4%
5.9%
6.4%
6.7%
7.0%
7.3%
7.4%
7.6%
7.7%
7.9%
8.0%
8.6%
8.8%
8.9%
9.0%
8.9%
30%
1.2%
5.2%
6.6%
8.1%
9.2%
10.0%
10.6%
11.1%
11.5%
11.8%
12.1%
12.3%
12.5%
12.6%
12.8%
12.9%
13.6%
13.8%
13.9%
14.0%
14.0%
40%
2.3%
9.2%
11.1%
12.9%
14.3%
15.2%
15.9%
16.4%
16.7%
17.1%
17.3%
17.5%
17.7%
17.9%
18.0%
18.1%
18.7%
18.9%
19.1%
19.2%
19.3%
50%
3.7%
13.9%
16.2%
18.3%
19.6%
20.5%
21.1%
21.6%
21.9%
22.2%
22.5%
22.7%
22.9%
23.0%
23.1%
23.2%
23.8%
24.0%
24.2%
24.3%
24.3%
60%
6.5%
19.7%
22.1%
24.1%
25.3%
26.1%
26.6%
27.0%
27.3%
27.6%
27.8%
28.0%
28.1%
28.2%
28.4%
28.4%
28.9%
29.1%
29.3%
29.4%
29.5%
By using AMR-HR,
when 70% of the
network has
conditions for AMRHR, we can save
34% if 24 AMR-HR
capable TS are
available (we would
need 36 TS with only
FR to serve the same
traffic)
70%
7.5%
25.7%
28.3%
30.0%
31.0%
31.7%
32.1%
32.5%
32.7%
33.0%
33.1%
33.3%
33.4%
33.5%
33.6%
33.7%
34.1%
34.3%
34.4%
34.5%
34.6%
80%
17.2%
32.5%
35.3%
36.5%
37.2%
37.6%
38.0%
38.2%
38.4%
38.5%
38.7%
38.8%
38.9%
38.9%
39.0%
39.1%
39.4%
39.5%
39.6%
39.7%
39.8%
90%
34.0%
41.4%
42.6%
43.2%
43.6%
43.8%
44.0%
44.1%
44.2%
44.3%
44.3%
44.4%
44.4%
44.5%
44.5%
44.5%
44.7%
44.8%
44.9%
44.9%
44.9%
100%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
AMR-HR DIMENSIONING ISSUES

Erlang B table can not be used for dimensioning when AMR-HR
penetration is foreseen
this table displays the traffic that can be served for different number of
Time Slots (TS) available and different penetrations of AMR-HR
for example, 70% HR penetration the number of TS required to serve
16.7 Erlangs is just 16, while for pure AMR-FR it would require around 24
time slots to serve the same traffic (around 33% saving in resources)
2% GoS
# Time Slots
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
24
32
40
48
56
120
NOKIA
0%
0.0204
0.2236
0.6024
1.0927
1.6578
2.2769
2.9367
3.6287
4.3468
5.0864
5.8443
6.6178
7.405
8.204
9.0137
9.8328
16.636
23.729
30.998
38.387
45.863
10%
0.02
0.23
0.62
1.12
1.71
2.35
3.04
3.77
4.53
5.31
6.11
6.92
7.75
8.60
9.45
10.32
17.50
24.98
32.62
40.36
48.16
20%
0.02
0.24
0.65
1.18
1.81
2.50
3.24
4.01
4.82
5.65
6.51
7.37
8.25
9.15
10.06
10.98
18.60
26.52
34.61
42.80
51.05
% of users with good conditions to use AMR-HR

30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.25
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.45
0.70
0.77
0.87
1.01
1.19
1.28
1.42
1.59
1.82
2.10
1.96
2.17
2.42
2.73
3.11
2.71
2.99
3.31
3.71
4.19
3.51
3.85
4.25
4.74
5.32
4.35
4.76
5.24
5.81
6.50
5.21
5.70
6.25
6.92
7.71
6.11
6.66
7.29
8.05
8.94
7.02
7.64
8.35
9.20
10.20
7.94
8.65
9.43
10.37
11.48
8.89
9.66
10.53
11.56
12.77
9.85
10.69
11.64
12.76
14.08
10.82
11.74
12.77
13.98
15.41
11.81
12.79
13.90
15.21
16.74
19.94
21.52
23.27
25.33
27.72
28.37
30.52
32.93
35.75
39.04
36.98
39.74
42.82
46.41
50.59
45.71
49.08
52.84
57.20
62.28
54.51
58.52
62.96
68.09
74.07
80%
0.06
0.58
1.44
2.47
3.60
4.80
6.06
7.36
8.69
10.05
11.44
12.84
14.26
15.70
17.15
18.61
30.62
42.99
55.58
68.32
81.16
90%
0.11
0.79
1.80
2.97
4.25
5.60
7.00
8.45
9.93
11.45
12.98
14.53
16.11
17.69
19.29
20.91
34.13
47.73
61.55
75.52
89.60
100%
0.22
1.09
2.28
3.63
5.08
6.61
8.20
9.83
11.49
13.18
14.90
16.63
18.38
20.15
21.93
23.73
38.39
53.43
68.69
84.10
99.62
Introducing AMR HR (e.g. 2 TRX Cell)

Phase 0: Existing EFR FR:
16 Ch/Cell, 13 Voice Ch/Cell, Max. 7 Erl/Cell*
TSL
TRX1
TRX2
0
S
F
1
S
F
2
F
F
3
F
F
4
F
F
5
F
F
6
F
F
7
G
F
Phase 1: Adding 1 DR TSL per TRX:

TSL
TRX1
TRX2
0
S
D
1
S
F
2
D
F
3
F
F
4
F
F
5
F
F
6
F
F
5
D
D
6
D
D
7
G
F
Phase 2: All Voice TSL are DR:

TSL
TRX1
TRX2
0
S
D
1
S
D
2
D
D
3
D
D
4
D
D
7
G
D
Phase 2 essentially DOUBLES the voice capacity compared to phase 0. Signaling load between BSC and MSC has to be considered as well
* at 2% Blocking rate, using Erlang B considering HR is used without Radio Link Constrains
121
NOKIA
System Level Performance of AMR-FR

Simulations
122
NOKIA
Simulation Scenario
Regular
RegularHexagonal
Hexagonalgrid
gridwith
with33sector
sites
sector sites
Interference
Limited
Scenario
123
NOKIA
Simulation parameters
Simulated network structure:
- Number of base stations
- Antennas
- Intersite distance
- Number of TRXs
- Frequency Reuse
- BCCH TRX Reuse
included in hop.)
- Frequency spectrum
freqs) Mobile velocity
Call mean hold time
Type of frequency hopping
DTX factor
Power Control
AMR codec mode adaptation
AMR full-rate modes in use:
kbit/s
25 3-sector BTSs (75 cells)

65 sectorized
1.5 km
4-6
1/1 (FH)
12 - 9 (not
5 MHz (12 hopping
3 km/h
120s (exp. distribution)
Random hopping
0.5
On
On
12.2 kbit/s 7.4
1 Sample = 2 secs (96 Speech

5.9Frames);
kbit/s
kbit/s
124
4.75
1 Bad Quality Sample(BQS) = Sample with

FER>4.2%
X-axis for hopping plots = EFL = Effective Frequency
Load (how much each frequency is on the air) Traffic
NOKIA (E)/(8*#hop.freqs)
CIR vs FER link level in simulator

TU3, no Hop
TU3, RH12
TU
3
100.00%
100.000%
10.000%
FER(%)
FER(%)
10.00%
1.00%
1.000%
0.100%
0.10%
0.010%
0.01%
0
10
12
14
16
18
AFS475, no Hop
10
12
14
16
18
CIR(dB)
CIR(dB)
AFS122, no Hop
LA, no Hop
AFS122, no Hop
AFS475, no Hop
LA, no Hop
Link Level performance in simulator for non-hopping seems to be

quite similar to the one measured in Nokia lab for UL
Link Level Performance in simulator for hoppig over 12
frequencies seems to be aligned with Nokia lab results for UL
(between performance for TU3 rfh5 and TU50 non-hop)
125
NOKIA
Performance of AMR-FR
(100% AMR penetration vs 100% EFR)

BCCH layer (nohop)
Hopping layer (12

freqs.)
EFR vs AMR
PERFORMANCE OF TRAFFIC CHANNELS OF BCCH

FOR EFR AND AMR-FR
AND BOTH 9-BCCH AND 12-BCCH REUSES
TU
3
4.0%
3.5%
14%
3.0%
12%
% BadTCH
Quality
fER > 4%
Samples
% Bad Quality Samples
16%
4.5%
10%
2.5%
8%
140
%
2.0%
6%
1.5%
4%
2%
1.0%
0%
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Erlangs per cell in BCCH
0.5%
0.0%
AMR traffic; 12 BCCH
EFR traffic; 12 BCCH
AMR traffic; 9 BCCH
EFR traffic; 9 BCCH
5%
10%
15%
20%
CodecMA
AMR
AMRwith
withBCCH
BCCHreuse
reuse99performs
performs
similar
to
EFR
with
BCCH
similar to EFR with BCCHreuse
reuse
12
12
126
NOKIA
25%
30%
35%
EFL(%)
EFR
At
At2%
2%outage
outageof
ofBQS,
BQS,AMR
AMR
allows
140%
more
traffic
allows 140% more trafficthan
than
EFR.
EFR.
AMR Penetration
EFR vs AMR penetration
Most of the practical cases there

will be mixed AMR and EFR
mobiles in the network at the
same time
4.5%
4.0%
3.5%
TCH FER > 4%

% Bad Quality
Samples
3.0%
2.5%
Therefore, very tight frequency

plan may not be feasible in order
to maintain good speech quality
with existing EFR calls
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
AMR capacity gain (%)
EFL(%)
25% AMR / 75% EFR
100 % AMR / 0% EFR
Poly. (100 % AMR / 0% EFR)
63% AMR / 37 % EFR
TCH FER decreases considerably

when AMR penetration increases
Increased TCH quality can be turned
into capacity by allowing more traffic
to the network
About 140% traffic increase is
attained with 100% AMR penetration
127
NOKIA
160%
CapacityGain
Gain (%)
Capacity
(%)
0 % AMR / 100% EFR
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
25% AMR
63%AMR
AMR penetration
100%AMR
Effect of AMR LA at network level

From FER point of view, the usage
of the most robust codec
(AFS475) improves the
performance of the network vs LA
However, the gain of AMR LA is

that the Speech Quality (SQ) is
improved as the codec providing
best SQ should be always used
FR AMR Codecs FER performance
FR AMR Codecs MOS performance
4.0%
2.5%
FER
3.0%
Hopping
layer
% Bad Quality
TCH fER > 4%
Samples
2.5%
% ended calls avg estimated MOS<3
3.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
MOS
2.0%
Hoppin
g layer
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0%
5%
10%
EFL(%)
AFS122
128
NOKIA
AFS740
AFS590
15%
20%
25%
EFL(%)
AFS475
CodecMA
POWER CONTROL OFF IN THESE

SIMULATIONS
Presentation_Name.PPT
/ DD-MM-YYYY / Initials
AFS122
AFS740
AFS590
AFS475
CodecMA
Impact of LA Thresholds
th1
th2
th3
FER CodecMA vs AFS475
C_th2
11
7
4
C_th3
13
9
6
C_th4
15
11
8
MOS PER FORMAN C E
3.86
8%
3.85
7%
0.6%
3.84
6%
0.5%
3.83
5%
3.82
4%
3.81
3%
3.80
2%
100%
3.79
1%
90%
3.78
0.8%
AVG. MOS
0.7%
FER(%)
C_th5
17
13
10
0.4%
0.3%
CODEC USAGE
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
C_Th2
C_Th3
C_Th4
THRESHOLD SET
% FER (CodecMA)
% FER samples > 4.2%
C_Th5
80%
% SPEECH FRAME USAGE
C_Th1
0%
C_Th1
C_Th2
C_Th3
C_Th4
C_Th5
THRESHOLD SET
70%
Average MOS (1)

60%
50%
The
The higher
higher the
the
thresholds
the
thresholds the lower
lower
the
FER,
but
the
the FER, but the
worse
worse the
the Speech
Speech
Quality
as
codecs
Quality as codecs
more
more robust
robust (4.75,
(4.75,
5.90)
are
used
5.90) are used more
more
129
NOKIA
Presentation_Name.PPT
/ DD-MM-YYYY / Initials
often.
often.
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
C_Th1
C_Th2
C_Th3
C_Th4
THRESHOLD SET
% AFS122
%AFS740
% AFS590
% AFS475
C_Th5
% ended calls avg MOS < 3.5
BQC (MOS <3.5)
C_th1
9
5
2
Codec Usage for different loads

Codec usage in 100% AMR case
100%
90%
% codec usage
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
21%
32%
EFL(%)
AFS475
AFS590
AFS740
AFS122
The higher the load the worse radio conditions and therefore
higher usage of more robust codec, impacting in Speech Quality
130
NOKIA

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AMR

Adaptive Multi Rate Training

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

AMR Course Objectives

Know how AMR works

The purpose and planning aspects of the feature

Understanding of AMR parameters

Inter-working of AMR with other features

HW/SW requirements for AMR

Impact of AMR on network performance

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Spectral Efficiency & Performance

Two alternative solutions

Targeted quality level

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Dropped calls due

Effective Frequency Load Defined

Tot # freq Ave # ( TCH )

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Effective Frequency Load Explained

6 frequencies @ 200 kHz each

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec (1/2)

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Adaptive Multi Rate Codec (2/2)

FR FR 7.4 FR 6.7 FR 5.9 FR

HR HR 7.4 HR 6.7 HR 5.9 HR

AMR codec mode

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Algorithms Related to AMR

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Capacity and Coverage Gain

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Capacity Increase with AMR

Effective Frequency load (%)

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Improved BCCH Plan

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Half-Rate Utilization in AMR Codec

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

AMR FR+HR vs. AMR FR Usage

TCH FER > 4%

Bad TCH FER samples [%]

Effective Frequency Load (%)

The performance degradation in

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

The FER performance of AMR

Benefits For End User

A user in good radio conditions perceives

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Benefits For Operator

Approx. 5.5 dB link level gain in hopping layer

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / Initials

AMR Full Rate performance compared to

Speech bit rate