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Communications Architecture:
Introduction
Two standards:
IBMs proprietary SNA
ISOs Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI
model)
Upper Layer
directly assist
the user
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Layer
Function
Network
Data Link
Physical
Layer
Function
Applicatio
n
Presentati
on
Presentation of
information to user in a
format that the user will
understand
Session
Transport
HTTP
Transport
TCP
Network
DNS
UDP
IP
Link
Physical
Telnet
Co-ax
Ethern
et
Fiber
Wi-Fi
Radio
TCP/IP
Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
IP Characteristics
IP is a connectionless protocol
No concept of a job or a session (each packet is treated as an
entity in itself)
IP is an unreliable protocol
It is unconcerned with whether a packet reaches its eventual
destination, or whether they arrive in the original order
IP cannot tell if packets were lost or whether they were
received out of order
IP Packet Header
Version
Header length
Identification
Time to live
Service type
Total length
Flags
Fragment Offset
Protocol
Header checksum
Source address
Destination address
IP Options
Padding
TCP Characteristics
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
The client & the server must establish a connection before any
data can be transferred between them.
Destination Port
Sequence Number
Acknowledgement Number
Header Length
Code Bits
Window
Checksum
Urgent pointer
Options
Padding
TCP sends data using IP, in blocks which are called segments.
The Port number identifies a particular user within a machine
(which is identified by the IP address
The sequence number identifies the position in the data
stream
The acknowledgement number is used to convey back to the
sender that data has been received correctly.
The window size gives the number of bytes the receiver can
accept.
The checksum covers both header and data
The urgent pointer identifies the start of data in the stream
What is a Port?
Refers in this context a software port
Multiple applications or upper layer protocols may use
TCP simultaneously
Ports are used to map TP data to a specific process
The combination of an IP address and a port number is called a
socket
Sockets can be full duplex (data transmitted in both directions) or half
duplex
20/21 FTP
23 Telnet
25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
37 Time
53 Domain Name System
80 HTTP
110 POP3
443 HTTPS
Next:
The server responds with a segment in which the header contains its
own initial data sequence number.
For efficiency:
TCP can specify an acknowledgement delay in the hope that within that
time some data will need to be sent the other way, and the two can
ride together
The Nagle algorithm allows a TCP segment containing less data than
the receivers advertised window size can only be sent if the previous
segment has been acknowledged. This allows aggregation of small
amounts of data
Deadlock of flow
a receiver stops the data flow by setting its window size to zero and the
window update segment that is meant to start data flowing again is lost.
To prevent deadlock from occurring, TCP sends out window probe
messages at regular intervals to query the receiver about its window size.
Destination Port
Message length
Checksum
Two different application one using UDP and another using TCP
may use the same port number. The two data streams are
distinguished by the protocol field in the IP address header
The checksum is optional.
Unicast
Multicast
Broadcast
Sends data to
interested
receivers
Applications of IP Multicast:
Pay TV
File Transfer
Financial Information
But is complex to implement
TCP builds on IP using CRCs, sequence numbers, time-outs and retransmissions to create a reliable,
stream oriented network.
TCP
Connection
Oriented
UDP
Connectionless
Complete
reliabilitycorrects
best effort delivery
lost, corrupted and
out-of-order packets
Full Duplex
communication
Full Duplex
communication
Point to Point
communication
Point to Point
communication or
broadcast
Stream Interface
Packet Interface
Reliable connection
startup
no connection