Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Introduction
Department of Hydraulic Engineering
School of Civil Engineering
Shandong University
2007

Note to Instructors
These slides were developed1 during the spring semester 2003,
as a teaching aid for the undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course
(ME33: Fluid Flow) in the Department of Hydraulic Engineering at
Shandong University. This course had two sections, one taught by
myself and one taught by Prof. Lichuanqi. While we gave common
homework and exams, we independently developed lecture notes. This
was also the first semester that Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications was used at SDU. My section had 2001 students and was
held in a classroom with a computer, projector, and blackboard. While
slides have been developed for each chapter of Fluid Mechanics:
Fundamentals and Applications, I used a combination of blackboard and
electronic presentation. In the student evaluations of my course, there
were both positive and negative comments on the use of electronic
presentation. Therefore, these slides should only be integrated into your
lectures with careful consideration of your teaching style and course
objectives.
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Information and Introduction

Contents
ExperimentalTable
Fluidof Dynamics
1. INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
2. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
3. PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS
4. FLUID KINEMATICS
5. MASS, BERNOULLI, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS
6. MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS
7. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING
8. FLOW IN PIPES
9. DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW
10. APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE NAVIERSTOKES
EQUATION
11. FLOW OVER BODIES: DRAG AND LIFT
12. COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
13. OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
14. TURBOMACHINERY
15. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Information and Introduction

Grading
Grading Based on
Homework: 20%
Mid-Term: 25%, 25 %
Final: 30%

Violation of academic integrity

First offense: zero score for the test
Second offense: failure of the course

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Information and Introduction

Homework
Philosophy
One of the best ways to learn something is
through practice and repetition
Therefore, homework assignments are
extremely important in this class!
Homework sets will be carefully designed,
challenging, and comprehensive. If you study
and understand the homework, you should
not have to struggle with the exams

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Information and Introduction

Homework
Policy
Homework is due on Wednesday at the beginning of class.
Homework turned in late will receive partial credit according to
the following rules:
1. 10% off if turned in after class, but before 5:00 on the due date
2. 25% off if turned in after 5:00 on the due date, but by 5:00 the next
school day
3. 50% off if turned in after 5:00 the next school day, but within one
week
4. No credit if turned in after one week

Exceptions will be made under extreme circumstances.

Solutions will be made available within a week after the due
date
To ease grading, homework submissions MUST follow
specified format (see TA)
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Information and Introduction

Motivation for Studying Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics is omnipresent
Aerodynamics
Bioengineering and biological systems
Combustion
Energy generation
Geology
Hydraulics and Hydrology
Hydrodynamics
Meteorology
Ocean and Coastal Engineering
Water Resources
numerous other examples

Fluid Mechanics is beautiful

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Information and Introduction

Aerodynamics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Information and Introduction

Bioengineering

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

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Energy generation

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Geology

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River Hydraulics

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Hydraulic Structures

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Hydrodynamics

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Meteorology

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Water Resources

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Fluid Mechanics is Beautiful

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Tsunamis
Tsunami: Japanese for Harbour Wave
Created by earthquakes, land slides, volcanoes,
asteroids/meteors
Pose infrequent but high risk for coastal regions.

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Tsunamis: role in religion, evolution, and

apocalyptic events?
Most cultures have deep at
their core a flood myth in which
the great bulk of humanity is
destroyed and a few are left to
repopulate and repurify the
human race. In most of these
stories, God is meting out
retribution, punishing those
who have strayed from his path
Were these local floods due
to a tsunami instead of global
events?
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Tsunamis: role in religion, evolution, and

apocalyptic events?
Scientists now widely accept that the
worldwide sequence of mass extinctions
at the Cretaceous Tertiary (K/T)
boundary 65 million years ago was
directly caused by the collision of an
asteroid or comet with Earth. Evidence
for this includes the large (200-km
diameter) buried impact structure at
Chicxulub in Mexico's Yucatan
Peninsula, the worldwide iridiumenriched layer at the K/T boundary, and
the tsunamic deposits well inland in
North America, all dated to the same
epoch as the extinction event.
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Tsunamis: role in religion, evolution, and

apocalyptic events?

La Palma Mega-Tsunami = geologic time bomb?

Cumbre Vieja volcano erupts and causes western
half of La Palma island to collapse into the Atlantic
and send a 1500 ft. tsunami crashing into Eastern
coast of U.S.

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Information and Introduction

Methods for Solving Fluid Dynamics

Problems
Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD)
Mathematical analysis of governing
equations, including exact and
approximate solutions. This is the primary
focus of ESOE 505221
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Numerical solution of the governing
equations
Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD)
Observation and data acquisition.
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Analytical Fluid Dynamics

How fast do tsunamis travel in the deep ocean?
Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Linearized wave equation for inviscid, irrotational flow

Shallow-water approximation, /h >> 1

For g = 32.2 ft/s2 and h=10000 ft, c=567 ft/s = 387 miles/hr

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Computational Fluid Dynamics

In comparison to analytical
methods, which are good
for providing solutions for
simple geometries or
behavior for limiting
conditions (such as
linearized shallow water
waves), CFD provides a
tool for solving problems
with nonlinear physics and
complex geometry.
Animation by Vasily V. Titov, Tsunami
Inundation Mapping Efforts, NOAA/PMEL
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Experimental Fluid Dynamics

Oregon State University
Wave Research
Laboratory
Model-scale experimental
facilities
Tsunami Wave Basin
Large Wave Flume

Dimensional analysis
(Chapter 7 of C&C) is
very important in
designing a model
experiment which
represents physics of
actual problem
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Experimental Fluid Dynamics

Experiments are
sometimes conducted in
the field or at full scale
For tsunamis, data
acquisition is used for
warning
DART: Deep-ocean
Assessment and Reporting
of Tsunamis
Primary sensor: Bourdon
tube for measuring
hydrostatic pressure
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