Motion In Two

Dimention
4.1 The Position, Velocity, and
Acceleration Vectors
4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with
Constant Acceleration
4.3 Projectile Motion
4.4 Uniform Circular Motion
4.5 Tangential and Radial
Acceleration
4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative
Acceleration

The Position, Velocity, and

Acceleration Vectors

Displacement vectors

displacement is a vector, and the

displacement of the particle is the difference

between its final position and its initial
position

Velocity vectors

We define the average velocity of a particle

during the time interval

as the
displacement of the particle divided by the
time interval:

The instantaneous velocity v is defined as

the limit of the average

Velocity
/
as
zero:

approaches

Acceleration vectors

Acceleration vectors
the average acceleration of a particle as it

moves is defined as the change in the

instantaneous velocity

The instantaneous acceleration a is defined as

the limiting value of the ratio

approaches zero:

Quiz

answer
(a). Because acceleration occurs whenever
the velocity changes in any waywith an
increase or decrease in speed, a change in
direction, or bothall three controls are
accelerators. The gas pedal causes the car to
speed up; the brake pedal causes the car to
slow down. The steering wheel changes the
direction of the velocity vector.

TWO-DIMENSIONAL
MOTION WITH CONSTANT
ACCELERATION

Two dimensional motion during which the acceleration remains constant in

both magnitude and direction. It will be useful for analyzing some common type
of motion.

The position vector for a particle moving in the XY plane :

(4.6)
Where x ,y and r may change
and remain constant

If the
position
vector
is of
known,
the velocity of the particle can be obtained from
velocity
vector as
a function
time
equations 4.3 and 4.6,Which give

(4.7)
Therefore, substituting from equation 2.9,
into equation 4.7

and

(4.8
)

Graphical Representation of Equations 4.8

It is a vector expressions
We may write in component form

(4.8a)

Position Vector as a Function of time

The x and y coordinate of a particle moving with constant acceleration are

Substituting these expressions into equation 4.6 , r = x i + y j which give

(4.9)

Graphical Representation of Equations 4.9

rf is generally not along the direction of Vi or a because it is vector expressions.

We may write them in component form
(4.9
a)

Projectile Motion

This motion is simple to analyze if we make two

assumptions:

the free-fall acceleration g is constant over

the range of motion and is directed

downward,
the effect of air resistance is negligible

Projectile motion

Horizontal Range and Maximum

Height of a Projectile

The distance R is called the horizontal range of the

projectile,
and the distance h is its maximum height

QUIZ

ANSWER
(a). You should simply throw it straight up in

the air. Because the ball is moving along with

you, it will follow a parabolic trajectory with a
horizontal component of velocity that is the
same as yours.

Uniform Circular Motion

Uniform Circular Motion occurs in many situations. Such motion is a car

moving in a circular path with constant speed v.
Sample picture

Even though an object moves at a constant speed in a

circular path, it still has an acceleration. Lets consider
defining equation for average acceleration,

Note that the acceleration depends on the range in the velocity vector.
Because velocity is a vector quantity
There are two ways which acceleration can occur :
*By a change in the magnitude of the velocity
*By a change in the direction of the velocity

Figure 4.7

Consider the diagram of the position and velocity vectors in figure 4.17b.
The figure shows the vector representing the change in position
The particle follows a circular path , part of which is shown by the dotted
curve.
Vi and Vf and differ only in direction but their magnitude are the same
Vi = Vf = v because its uniform circular motion.
In order to calculate the acceleration of the particle , let us begin with the
defining
Equation for average acceleration (Eq 4.4)

In both Figures 4.17b and 4.17c , we can identify triangles thet help us analyze the motion.
The angle between the two position vectors in figure 4.17c, because the velocity vector v is always
perpendicular to the position vector r . Thus the two triangles are similar.
This enables us to write a relationship between the lengths of the sides for the two triangles:

This equation can be solved for

and the expression so obtained can be substituted into
to
give the magnitude of the average acceleration over the time interval for the particle to move from

Tangential and Radial

Acceleration

total acceleration
The total acceleration vector a can be

written as the vector sum of the component

vectors:

tangential
acceleration
The tangential acceleration component

causes the change in the speed of the

particle.

radial acceleration
The radial acceleration component arises

from the change in direction of the velocity

vector and is given by

a radial component ar along the radius of

the model circle, and a tangential
component at perpendicular to this radius.

QUIZ

ANSWER
(d). The velocity vector is tangent to the path.

If the acceleration vector is to be

perpendicular to the velocity vector, it must
have no component tangent to the path. On
the other hand, if the speed is changing, there
must be a component of the acceleration
tangent to the path. Thus, the velocity and
acceleration vectors are never perpendicular in
this situation. They can only be perpendicular
if there is no change in the speed.

Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration

Sample picture

We find that observers in

different
frames of reference may
measure different positions,
velocities, and accelerations for a
given particle. That is, two
observers moving relative to
each other generally do not
agree on the outcome of a
measurement.

Galilean coordinate
transformation

Galilean velocity
transformation

the acceleration of the particle measured by

an observer in one frame of reference is the

same as that measured by any other observer
moving with constant velocity relative to the
first frame.

QUIZ

ANSWER
(c). Passenger A sees the coffee pouring in a

normal parabolic path, just as if she were

standing on the ground pouring it. The
stationary observer B sees the coffee moving
in a parabolic path that is extended
horizontally due to the constant horizontal
velocity of 60 mi/h.

THANKS FOR YOUR

ATTENTION