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FORCES ON MATERIAL
Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, student should be able to;
Understand Hookes Law
Define modulus of elasticity or Young Modulus
Understand stress strain curve
Define strain energy, factor of safety, Poissons
Or
Several Engineering
Material
Material
Steel
Young Modulus,
E (GPa)
200 - 220
Aluminum
60 - 80
Copper
90 - 110
Bronze
100 - 125
Wood
10
Tensile Test
Tensile test test in which sample is subjected
Necking Phenomenon
b) Young Modulus
Stress-Strain Curve
d) Yield Point
- Point at which permanent deformation of
specimen begins to take place. This is a point on
the stress-strain curve at which the Hookes Law is
no longer obeyed @ proportional limit is off.
e) Ultimate stress / ultimate strength
- The maximum stress that a specimen can
withstand while being pulled.
f) Breaking Point
- After the specimen reach the ultimate stress, a
necking phenomenon is formed where the crosssectional area of specimen decreased. Further
stress will result in failure/rupture to the specimen.
Strain-Stress Graph
(Comparison with different
material)
Strain Energy
- Work that must be done to produce a strain.
- Unit in Nm or Joule (J)
or
Where;
U = strain energy
P = load / force
L = original length
A = cross sectional area
E = Young Modulus
V = AL
Poissons Ratio
- When a material is stretched, its cross-
- X axis,
x =
Y axis, y =
Where;
= poissons ratio , no unit
y = tranverse or lateral strain
x = longitudinal or axial strain
Poissons ratio has NO unit.
Factor of Safety
- Also known as safety factor is the ratio between ultimate tensile stress to the
working stress.
- SF has No unit.
Where;
SF Safety factor
u - Ultimate stress
w -
Working stress
Modulus of Rigidity
strain.
- It is denoted by G, C or N.
- Unit in N/m2 or Pa
or
Shear Stress
- Ratio between shear load to the shear area.
- Unit in N/m2 or Pa.
or
Exercise
1. A round bar of mild steel 5.4 m long and 38 mm