Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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PROCESS
OUTPUT
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First Generation:
Eckert and Mauchly established a new
company in 1946. This company was
incorporated as the UNIVAC Division of
Remington Rand in 1949. The first machine,
UNIVAC-1 build by this company was made
operational in 1951 at the Bureau of Census.
This computer used magnetic medium for
data input and output. Its also used valve
(vacuum tubes) to provide memory. The
problem with vacuum tubes was that they
failed frequently, so first-generation
computers were down (not working) much of
Institute
of Electronics
andusing
Information
Technology
(NIELIT),
theNational
time.
Because
of
only
machine
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UNIVAC-1
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VACUUM TUBES
Second Generation:
With the advance of transistor technology,
a second generation of computers came
into existence. These computers were
smaller in size, more reliable and highly
efficient. These machines used English like
language known as High Level Language
(HLL) for ease of operation and application
in business and scientific analysis. Many
American and European companies
manufactured these machines. One of
them, the IBM-401 was the most popular.
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TRANSISTOR
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Third Generation:
In the 1960s, the integrated circuits
popularly known as ICs came in the field of
microelectronics. Computers that use a
large junk of electronic components were
substantially benefitted both from the point
of price reduction as well as size reduction.
Moreover these machines consumed less
power and were highly reliable. These
machines used more versatile programs
like real time OS, multiprogramming
techniques and DBM. IBM-370 is one of the
most
popular. They also introduced SSI,
National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),
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MSI & LSI.
Integrated circuit
with 1st generation
vacuum tubes and
transistor.
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Fourth Generation:
Due to development of very large scale
integrated chips known as microprocessor
chips in 1971 by Intel Corporation, another
breed became popular as fourth generation
computers. Computers in this generation is
marked with the increased speed retrieval
capabilities and facilities for communication.
They can be connected with the satellite
communication lines to transform information
from one part of the world to the other part of
the world at a very high speed. These
machines used advanced software like process
National Institute
of Electronics andaided
Information
Technology (NIELIT),
controllers,
computer
design,
electronic
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1st
Microprocessor
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Fifth Generation:
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devices.
Central Processing
Unit (containing the
control unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
Memory.
Output devices.
Storage devices.
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Keyboard:
The most commonly used input device is
the keyboard on which data is entered by
manually keying in or typing certain keys. A
keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.
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Mouse:
Is a pointing device which is used to control
the movement of a mouse pointer on the
screen to make selections from the screen.
A mouse has one to five buttons. The
bottom of the mouse is flat and contains a
mechanism that detects movement of the
mouse.
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Monitor:
Monitor is an output device
with the help of which a user
can see the results produced
by the computer. It is also
called as Visual Display Unit
(VDU) available in different
sizes. Color monitors are very
popular these days. The
quality of the display
depends on the screen
resolution.
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Memory:
Memory unit are the internal storage areas
in a computer. The term memory
identifies data storage that comes in the
form of chips, and
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SOFTWARE
System
Software
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Application
software
Operating
Systems
File Mgmt.
Tool
Images
Processing
Word
Processing
Assemblers
Compilers
Databases
Spreadshee
ts
Debuggers
Utilities
Games
Communicati
on Software
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E-Governance
E-Governance is the application of modern
information and communication technologies such
as Internet, LAN, mobiles etc. by Government to
improve the effectiveness, efficiency, service
delivery and to promote democracy.
The use of ICTs and particularly the Internet, as a tool to
achieve better government.
The use of information and communication technologies in
all facts of the operations a government organization.
The continuous optimization of service delivery,
constituency participation of a government by transforming
internal and external relationships through technology.
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Why e-Governance?
E-Governance can transform citizen service,
provide access to information to empower citizens,
enable their participation in government and
enhance citizen economic and social
opportunities, so that they can make better lives,
for themselves and for the next generation.
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