utline:

Ad-Hoc Networks

Introduction.
Advantages and Applications.
Cellular VS Ad-Hoc Networks.
Technical Challenges and Issues.
Ad-Hoc Wireless Media Access Protocols.
Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols.
Providing Quality of Service in Ad-Hoc Networks.

Ad-Hoc Networks
Introduction (1):
Multi-hop Wireless Networks (MHWNs):
It is defined as a collection of nodes that communicate with
each other wirelessly by using radio signals with a shared
common channel.
Hop

Path, chain or route

Host

Switching Unit

Ad-Hoc Networks
Introduction (2):
There are several names for MHWNs; it could be called
packet radio network, Ad-Hoc network or mobile network.
The nodes here could be named stations or radio
transmitters and receivers.
MHWNs

Ad-Hoc
Networks

Mesh
Networks

Wireless
Sensor
Networks

Ad-Hoc Networks
Introduction (3):
Ad-Hoc Networks:
It is a type of MHWNs.
Nodes in the network are mobile in general.
The wireless hosts in such networks, communicate with
each other without the existing of a fixed infrastructure
and without a central control.
A mobile ad-hoc network can be connected to other fixed
networks or to the Internet.
Most of the Ad-Hoc networks use the allocated
frequencies for the Industrial, Scientific and Medical
(ISM) band.

Ad-Hoc Networks

Advantages and Applications (1):

Ad-hoc networks have several advantages over the

traditional networks, like:
Ad-hoc networks can have more flexibility.
It is better in mobility.
It can be turn up and turn down in a very short time.
It can be more economical.
It considered a robust network because of its nonhierarchical distributed control and management
mechanisms.

Ad-Hoc Networks

Advantages and Applications (2):

There are lots of applications for Ad-Hoc networks,

like:
Group of people with laptops and they want to exchange
files and data without having an access point.
Sharing the internet

Connected to the internet

Ad-Hoc Networks

Advantages and Applications (2):

Incase if we need to exchange information and the

network's infrastructure has been destroyed.
It is suitable for military communications at battlefield
where there is no network infrastructure.

Ad-Hoc Networks

Cellular VS Ad-Hoc Networks:

Cellular
Infrastructure networks.
Fixed, pre-located cell sites
and base station.
Static backbone network
topology.
Relatively caring environment
and stable connectivity.
Detailed planning before base
station can be installed.
High setup costs.
Large setup time.

Ad-Hoc Networks
Infrastructureless networks.
No base station, and rapid
deployment.
Highly dynamic network
topologies.
Hostile environment and
irregular connectivity.
Ad-Hoc network automatically
forms and adapts to changes.
Cost-effective.
Less setup time.

Ad-Hoc Networks

echnical Challenges and Issues (1):

There are several challenges that Ad-Hoc network faces
such as:
Limited wireless range.
Hidden terminals.
Packet losses.
Routes changes.
Devices heterogeneity.
Battery power constraints.

Ad-Hoc Networks

echnical Challenges and Issues (2):

The main challenges face the Ad-Hoc networks are the
following:
Energy conservation: Nodes in Ad-Hoc networks are
equipped with limited batteries.
Unstructured
and/or
time-varying
network
topology: Because of the nodes mobility, that makes the
network topology usually unstructured and makes the
optimizing process a difficult task.
Scalability: In some cases, there will be a huge number
of nodes.

Ad-Hoc Networks

echnical Challenges and Issues (3):

Low-quality communications: In general, wireless

networks are less reliable than the wired networks. In
addition to that, the quality of the network can be affected
by the environmental factors.
Resource-constrained computation: The resources in
Ad-Hoc networks such as energy and network bandwidth
are available in limited amounts.

Ad-Hoc Networks

echnical Challenges and Issues (4):

In addition to that, Ad-Hoc networks inherit some of the

issues which are faced by the traditional wireless
networks, like:
There are no known boundaries for the maximum range
that nodes will be able to receive network frames.
The wireless channel is weak, unreliable,
unprotected from outside interferences.

and

The wireless channel has time-varying and asymmetric

propagation properties.

Ad-Hoc Networks

echnical Challenges and Issues (5):

Hidden-node problem:

Collision

Sender 1

Receiver

Sender 2

Ad-Hoc Networks

echnical Challenges and Issues (6):

Exposed-node problem:

Blocked
By The
Transmitter
Receiver

Transmitter Exposed Node

Ad-Hoc Networks

d-Hoc Wireless Media Access Protocols (1):

Why do we need for a media access protocol?
The medium is shared by all of the nodes.
If we give the node the freedom to send at any time, then
that could result in a contention.
We can't have a central controller to manage the
transmission process, because every node can move at
any time.
Therefore, we will choose from the medium access control
(MAC) protocols in order to use the shred medium in the

Ad-Hoc Networks

d-Hoc Wireless Media Access Protocols (2):

MAC
Protocols
Synchronou
s

Asynchrono
us

MAC
Protocols
SenderInitiated

ReceiverInitiated

Ad-Hoc Networks

d-Hoc Wireless Media Access Protocols (3):

Sender-Initiated MAC
Protocols:

RTS

CTS

Sender

Data

Receiver

Ad-Hoc Networks

d-Hoc Wireless Media Access Protocols (4):

Receiver-Initiated MAC
Protocols:

RTR

Receiver

Sender

Data

Ad-Hoc Networks

d-Hoc Wireless Media Access Protocols (5):

Existing Ad-Hoc MAC Protocols:

1. Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA):

.It was proposed as a solution for both hidden terminal
and exposed node problems.
.It has the ability to control the transmitter power for
each packet.
.It uses a three-way handshake, RTS-CTS-Data.
.Collisions could occur in MCSA, because there is no
carrier sensing in it.

Ad-Hoc Networks

d-Hoc Wireless Media Access Protocols (6):

RTS
CTS
Sender

Receiver