DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM

Contents of
presentation

Definition of Distribution
system :Distribution system is that part of the
power system which distributes power from
distribution substation to local use .
Generally the higher voltage for
distribution is 11000v and the lower
voltages are 400 v and 220v.

General layout of
distribution system

33KV

Sub station
11KV

11KV
Distribution

Distribution
Transformer

Substation

0.4KV
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Radial
system
In this system all the sections/branches of a
feeder are fed from a single source in a fixed
direction
Load
lLLoad

Load
oad
Generator

Load
oad

Contd
In this it is shown that
there are two primary
feeders from which
further sub feeders
supply
to
there
respective loads. If
any one of the feeder
becomes faulty then
supply through that
feeder has to cut so
no reliability
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1. Very Simple in design :-

Suitable size of conductor.

Very simple protection
schemes.
Maintenance easy.
Easy fault location.
2.

Cheapest system :Less capital cost as different

sizes of
conductors can be used
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Demerits
1. Very poor service reliability:In case of fault on a feeder the
supply to consumers from those feeders is cutoff
and restored on fault removal.
2.

Excessive voltage drop and line losses :Due to passage of total current
through the common main section of the feeder,
voltage drop(IR) and line losses will be more as
compared to other system.
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If a HT line emanating from a Grid station

and covering the load area in shape of a
loop, finishes at the same Grid station
returning it is called closed loop and the
system is called closed loop system.

Bus bar
circuit breaker
transformer
Sectionalizing
switch

Load
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Merits of closed loop

system
1.

This system
system.

is

more

reliable

than

radial

If any fault in
the system occurs then the breaker at grid station open
and the consumers dont have to wait very long till the
rectification of the fault as in the case of Radial system.

2.

Less voltage drop, less line losses

As compared to radial system the voltage drop and line
losses is less.

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Demerits of closed loop

system
This is an expensive system because
of the following reasons.
It requires extra length of loop to complete the loop back to

sub-station.

Each

transformer
sectionalizers .

has

to

be

provided

with

two

If loop size is so large then the fault location time may

exceed up to 5 to 6 hours. and if consumers are without
electricity for this time then there is no justification to
install such a system
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OPEN LOOP
SYSTEM
In a closed-loop system

with two
breakers,
if
one
of
the
two
sectionalizers of low-load-section is
kept normally open, the system is
named as open-loop system.

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STATION CIRCUIT
BREAKER

SUBSTATION BUS
SWITCH
(CLOSED)

HRC FUSE

Load

Switch(OPEN)

TRANSFORMER

OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

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CLOSED-LOOP

OPEN-LOOP

Comparison between
If fault occurs, the supply
The effect of fault
open
is
closed
system
of the&
whole
loop goes loop
off. limited
to faulty
part
operates.

as one circuit breaker

Total loop has to be

The faulty part of the loop
is inspects for fault location .
clearly known
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Double supply system is that system in which

additional radial feeder is provided side by
side to feed the same consumer. This means
that side by connecting of radial feeder in a
parallel manner. It uses automatic change
over switches.

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Substation

Circuit
Breaker Sectionalizing
switch
LOAD

FUSE

Substation Bus1
Bus 2

TRANSFORMER
S
LOAD

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Merits:Higher service reliability.

Less line losses.

Demerits: Very Expensive

Extra feeders are installed which doubles

the cost.
Cost of sectionalizers.
Additional length of line needed to connect
the
feeder to the transformer.
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GRID FORM OF H.V

SYSTEM

In this system all the distribution transformers of a

load area,
are interconnected providing normally two or
more alternatives. while the whole system is fed from two or
more supply sources.
But availability can not be improved
through manual operation of sectionalizer to isolate faulty
section during emergency as it will take quite a considerable
time to identify the faulty section and to determine the better
alternative.

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF GRID FORM OF H.VDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B
132KV BUS BAR
C.B

C.B

STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
C.B

C.B

11KV BUS BAR

C.B

C.B C.B C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B
C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B C.B C.B

C.B C.B C.B

C.B

C.B
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER

400 VOLT

C.B
C.B

C.B

C.B C.B C.B C.B

C.B

C.B C.B C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B
400 VOLT

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Merits
Most reliable because normally no possibility of failure of

supply and availability is almost 100%.

In case of two simultaneous faults, service to the consumers
will not be affected at all, or effect will be limited.

Demerits
It is most costly system.
It is complicated.

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LV Distribution
system:It is that part of power system which
distributes power from distribution
transformer to our domestic and commercial
use. Generally the LV distribution system has
voltage of

400 volts.

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Some of the features

of LV
Distribution
In this system we can use Radial system as
system:-

LT lines feed only few consumers so in case

of fault only few consumers are affected.

Simplest and cheapest.

Again some important areas Open loop and

Closed loop systems might also be used.

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Bibliography
Principles of power system- VK Mehta
Electrical power system Ashfaq Husain
Internet

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THANK YOU

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